Long term AVHRR observations of surface radiative flux from El Chichón crater lake (1996–2006)

It has been shown that due to the small surface of crater lakes, temperature surveillance is a problem using meteorological satellites. This is particularly true for El Chichón surface lake because it's about one tenth of an AVHRR pixel at nadir. In order to guarantee at least one unmixed pixel in AVHRR data, it is necessary to use only AVHRR data from NOAA satellite passes as close as possible to the nadir for the period 1996–2006, therefore AVHRR data of El Chichón's crater lake were only used it they were cloudless and had scan angles close to nadir. The analysis of the time series data shows that lake surface temperature had annual maximum values (> 35 °C) during 1996 and 1997 then surface temperature decay with a negative exponential trend reaching a steady state of about 30 °C in the last years (2004–2006). A seasonal temperature variation between the dry (December to May) and the wet (June to November) seasons is also observed. Differences between nocturnal and midday temperatures indicate the influence of lake energy emission (including reflectance) at midday under a strong short-wave solar radiation. Water surface radiative flux under these conditions reaches an average of 77.8 W m^− 2 and a maximum of 187.1 W m^− 2. Whereas nocturnal heat output from El Chichón crater lake has an average surface radiative flux of 20.4 W m^− 2 and a maximum of 74.3 W m^− 2.     

破坏性地震破坏范围的快速估计

汶川地震给我国造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。为了给震后的地震救援提供及时的指导,快速估计破坏范围很重要。结合汶川地震的震例,本文总结给出了一个快速估计破坏范围的综合方法。     

Rhyolitic ignimbrites in the Rogerson Graben,southern Snake River Plain volcanic province: volcanic stratigraphy,eruption history and basin evolution

The 80 km long NNE-trending Rogerson Graben on the southern margin of the central Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA, hosts a rhyolitic pyroclastic succession, 200 m thick, that records a period of successive, late-Miocene, large-volume explosive eruptions from the Yellowstone–Snake River Plain volcanic province, and contemporaneous extension. The succession, here termed the Rogerson Formation, comprises seven members (defined herein) and records at least eight large explosive eruptions with numerous repose periods. Five high-grade and extremely high-grade ignimbrites are intercalated with three non-welded ignimbrites and two volcaniclastic deposits, with numerous repose periods (palaeosols) throughout. Two of the ignimbrites are dominantly rheomorphic and lava-like but contain subordinate non-welded pyroclastic layers. The ignimbrites are typical Snake River Plain high-silica rhyolites, with anhydrous crystal assemblages and high inferred magmatic temperatures (≤ 1,025°C). We tentatively infer that the Jackpot and Rabbit Springs Members may have been emplaced from the Bruneau–Jarbidge eruptive centre on the basis of: (1) flow lineation trends, (2) crystal assemblage, and (3) radiometric age. We infer that the overlying Brown’s View, Grey’s Landing, and Sand Springs Members may have been emplaced from the Twin Falls eruptive centre on the basis of: (1) kinematic indicators (from the east), and (2) crystal assemblage. Furthermore, we have established the contemporaneous evolution of the Rogerson Graben from the emplacement of the Jackpot Member onwards, and infer that it is similar to younger half-graben along the southern margin of the Snake River Plain, formed by local reactivation of Basin and Range structures by the northeastwardly migration of the Yellowstone hot-spot. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

牵引式滑坡特征及主被动加固比较分析

通过对牵引式滑坡发展过程的分析,着重说明牵引式滑坡自下而上规模不断扩大的特性。牵引式滑坡整治分被动加固与主动加固：被动加固存在着滑面抗剪强度下降、滑动范围扩大、加固力增大等问题,并造成较大的工程损失和环境资源破坏;主动加固能有效利用潜在滑动面的固有强度,减少工程造价。在被动加固时,应考虑牵引式滑坡的发展过程,对最初滑体采用有效加固、后牵引滑体采用加固补偿的原则。     

海浪外观谱及其平衡域

定义了海浪能量的广义或n阶外观分布,导出了n阶海浪外观谱的解析形式,讨论了n阶外观谱的平衡域.结果表明,n阶外观谱的平衡域指数为-(3+n);平衡域指数上界为-3.任何波动现象,只要Fourier迭加原理和射线理论对它们的描述足够准确,则本文的结论皆成立.     

日较差分级的北京地面逐时气温预报

统计了不同日较差等级与其相应等级内的逐时气温的气候平均值及逐时气温变量气候平均值,在此基础上客观自动地计算出北京区域的分片逐时气温预报值,由此次生出与气温变化有关的专业气象预报产品,应用于专业气象业务。     

中期数值天气预报的误差订正方法探讨

本文利用一个全球谱模式（T63L9）和1994年4个时段个例的全球客观分析资料探讨了中期数值天气预报的误差订正方法。个例分析的结果表明,采用定常误差订正和时空平滑误差订正方法,误差订正效果显著,可考虑在业务系统中采用。     

莫斯科、伊尔库茨克至南极长城站短波衰落特性分析

为了研究过极区的短波长电路的衰落特性,在南极长城站收测莫斯科、依尔库茨克的短波授时台信号,并给出各频率对应的衰落深度、衰落率、衰落平均持续时间等参数的统计特征和衰落幅度分布曲线。结果表明：（１）在莫斯科、依尔库茨克－南极长城站两条电路上,其电离层短波信道是快衰落信道,信号幅度衰落绝大部分服从瑞利分布,分布特性与频率、时间、距离、位置关系不大;（２）莫斯科－南极长城站电路的衰落深度与频率、时间有关,频率低,其衰落深度大。但依尔库茨克－南极长城站电路的衰落深度与频率、时间无关,说明衰落深度与频率、时间的关系还要受距离、位置等因素的影响。（３）频率越高,衰落率也越高,０４：００～０９：００时段内衰落率高于其他时段。     

Atmospheric Equilibrium Tide Theory

Based on the equilibrium tide theory of the seawater, a model of longperiod variations in air pressure with the lunar motion is derived to advance the climatic tide concept and formulate the climatic tide formula, which provides useful leads for predicting the heavy meteorological catastrophe in Shandong area, even in China. as well as in the whole world.     

船基激光法波浪测量仪器的研究

介绍了船基激光法波浪测量仪器研制的可行性。船载激光测波是利用舰船作测量平台,在水面上方设置激光测距装置,以一定的频率测量探头与水面的垂直距离,分析所测距离信号的变化规律,可以得出波浪高度、周期等信息,描述出波浪的形态和变化规律。文章提出了测量原理,分析了可能遇到的测量误差,给出了相应的解决措施,得出了研究开发船基激光法波浪测量仪器的可行性结论。