山西“十五”测震台网子台环境地噪声分析

通过对山西“十五”测震台网正式运行的32个子台的环境地噪声分析计算,得到各子台的背景噪声地脉动速度均方根（RMS值）、观测动态范围、噪声信号功率谱。结果表明,各子台环境地噪声水平基本符合数字地震观测技术规范要求,根据2008-2011年的变化动态,各子台环境地噪声水平有增大趋势。     

岩性油气藏关键技术攻关与应用研究——以准噶尔盆地准东阜11井区为例

随着准噶尔盆地腹部及准东地区勘探程度不断提高,勘探对象也变得复杂,已往古凸起上的断块和低幅度背斜为主的勘探目标变得越来越少,勘探目标转向斜坡区和深凹陷的岩性油气藏成为必然趋势,此类油气藏的主要特点是:圈闭幅度较低,砂层厚度较小,横向变化快,地震识别、落实评价困难.本文针对地质难点,以准噶尔盆地准东阜11井区岩性油气藏为研究对象,逐步形成准噶尔盆地岩性油气藏勘探方法、应用效果体系;在具体工作中利用地质、地震、测井相结合的综合研究方法,分析了准东阜11井区岩性油气藏特征,建立了岩性油气藏勘探理论和方法,开发和自研出了一套适合准噶尔盆地碎屑岩岩性圈闭识别与评价的技术系列,主要包括精细的井震标定技术、精细的全三维自动追踪技术、断裂识别技术、动态构造演化分析技术、沉积微相分析技术、储层预测技术、流体预测技术及有利目标区块选择评价技术;利用此技术系列对准东地区阜11井区侏罗系三工河组(J1s)发育的岩性圈闭进行了综合预测,识别了三个可供钻探的断层-岩性圈闭,其沉积微相为扇三角洲前缘的席状砂,圈闭面积在1.75 km2～6.1 km2之间,砂岩厚度在10 m～25 m之间,油气检测处于有利位置,累计圈闭面积达12.39km2,从而扩大了该区岩性圈闭识别的数量和精度,为岩性油气藏的勘探、开发提供了有力的技术支撑.     

基于数字近景摄影测量的岩体结构面几何信息解算模型

为了快速、全面地获取岩体随机结构面信息而提高稳定性评价工作,在数字近景摄影测量测取结构面空间坐标的基础上,应用立体几何、方位概念和投影变换理论,提出并建立了基于空间坐标的结构面迹线三维模型、任一投影展示面的迹线二维模型和详细判据的产状解算模型。迹线三维模型数据更加详实展示迹线分布状况,迹线二维模型数据又能获得任一重要投影面的迹线信息并突显迹线物理意义;应用误差理论,探讨了基于数字近景摄影测量的产状解算模型获取产状的精度。实验表明,在数字近景摄影测量建立边坡三维模型点位测量精度≤2 cm时,能够解决近似线状结构面的产状获取问题。因此,岩体结构面几何信息解算模型与数字近景摄影测量相结合,可采集到更为全面的结构面几何信息并用于岩体稳定性评价。     

区域尺度土地利用/土地覆盖变化对气温日较差的影响

利用NCAR CAM4.0模式,针对潜在植被和当代植被两种典型土地覆盖类型,通过平衡态试验探讨土地利用/土地覆盖变化（land use/land cover change, LUCC）对气候的影响。结果表明,LUCC对气温日较差有明显影响。日较差的响应与LUCC变化的区域有紧密的联系。在中纬度,LUCC引起日较差减小,这主要由日最高气温的降低造成。在低纬度东亚地区,日较差的减小主要由日最高气温的降低造成;而在印度半岛,日较差的减小主要由日最低气温的升高决定。这种区域性的差异,主要是由于植被蒸腾和冠层蒸发的作用,LUCC能够显著调节气温日较差的变化。     

Research on controlling long-term performance by tensioning post tendon of long-span continuous rigid-frame bridges

The problems like cracking of the girder in the mid-span and the ever-increasing vertical deflection appear during the long term usage of the long-span continuous rigid-flame bridge. Post-tension tendon with re- served duct can increase the pre-stress of the main beam effectively, and decrease the long term span deflection in order to improve the performance of the girder. At the same time, the proper tension position is very crucial to optimise the stress distribution of the bridge and control the deflection increase. Combining with practical en- gineering, the authors analyze the influence of different positions of post-tension tendon （ including top-, web- and bottom plate tendons） on the stress and deflection of the main beam, and find out the optimal position of post tendon.     

沿海地区一次多单体雷暴电荷结构时空演变

利用闪电放电辐射源三维时空分布测量,分析了山东低海拔地区一次多单体雷暴过程的电荷结构演变以及与回波强度的关系.结果表明对流云区电荷结构是典型的上正下负电偶极结构,且随着雷暴发展正负电荷层强度增大,高度抬升.负电荷区处在40 dBz以上的强回波区域中,正电荷层处在约40 dBz区域中.层状云区也有类似结构,只是强度弱,高度低.观测到的四层电荷结构是出现在对流区消散阶段,此时,由于云体不同部位的不同消散程度,电荷结构发生断裂,云体前部正负电荷区下沉,云体中部正负电荷区高度变化不大,但负电荷区域变薄,呈现出四层电荷结构.从本例结果说明,雷暴优势起电机制通常能形成电偶极或三极性结构,多极结构可能不是起电形成.本文还分析了一次负地闪传输过程,和宏观电荷结构很好吻合,说明利用三维定位系统观测,可以较好地描述雷暴宏观电荷结构.     

Seismic capacity of retrofitted beam–column connections in high‐rise steel frames when subjected to long‐period ground motions

The seismic capacity of beam‐to‐column connections in steel high‐rise frames is a matter of concern, particularly when they are subjected to long‐period ground motions. A previous full‐scale shaking table test conducted at the E‐Defense National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention in Japan disclosed cracks and fractures in such beam‐to‐column connections. This paper examines the effects of three types of beam‐to‐column connection retrofit: supplemental welds, wing plates, and a haunch. Quasi‐static member tests and a series of shaking table tests applied to a full‐scale specimen are conducted to quantify the respective performances of the retrofit schemes. The performance of a total of 28 connections tested by the member and shaking table tests is evaluated together with that of an additional 12 unretrofitted connections tested in the previous test. When the supplemental welds are applied only to the shear tab to the web, the connection fractures at the same instant as the connection without retrofit. The corresponding cumulative plastic rotation is not improved. When the supplement welds are further applied to the web‐to‐column connection, strain concentration at the bottom flange, primarily promoted by the presence of the RC floor slab, is significantly reduced, and the cumulative plastic rotation capacity is increased to eight times that of the connection without retrofit. For the wing plate connection and haunch connection, the critical section is moved from the beam end to the beam cross‐section corresponding to the tip of the wing plates or haunch, resulting in an improvement of ductility by eight times that of the unretrofitted connection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Post‐glacial range of variability in the Conejos River Valley,southern Colorado,USA: fluvial response to climate change and sediment supply

Effective river management strategies require an understanding of how fluvial processes vary both spatially and temporally. Here, we examine the natural range of variability in the Conejos River Valley, southern Colorado, through documentation of terrace morphostratigraphic and sedimentological characteristics as well as through investigation of sediment contributions from headwaters, hillslopes and tributary streams. Additionally, soil development and radiocarbon ages, together with local and regional paleoclimate reconstructions, were used to infer the range of processes acting in this system. Since de‐glaciation, the Conejos River has fluctuated between episodes of bedrock strath formation, aggradation and vertical incision. Morphostratigraphic relationships, soil development and radiocarbon ages enable us to propose a chronology for periods of alluvial deposition (around 8·9–7·6 ka, 5·5 ka and from 3·5 to 1·1 ka), separated by intervals of fluvial incision. We infer potential forcing mechanisms by utilizing multiple working hypotheses. Specifically, we discuss the potential for increases in sediment supply during periods of (1) para‐glacial adjustment, (2) climatic cooling, (3) increased frequency of climate change and (4) increased fire frequency or severity. We also consider the effects of changes in stream discharge and extreme storm occurrence. We conclude that combinations of these processes, operating at different times, have contributed to sediment mobilization since de‐glaciation. Stream and landform morphology also varies longitudinally due to the influence of remnant glacial topography. In particular, valley bottom overdeepening at tributary junctions has resulted in incision and strath formation into unlithified glacial deposits (i.e. fill‐cut terraces) rather than bedrock in some reaches. Overall, the Conejos fluvial system has varied significantly both temporally and spatially since de‐glaciation and appears to be sensitive to changes in sediment supply related to Holocene scale climate fluctuations. This natural range of variability must therefore be a key consideration in any future stream management policies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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Landform classification from a digital elevation model and satellite imagery

The Iranian Soil and Water Research Institute has been involved in mapping the soils of Iran and classifying landforms for the last 60 years. However, the accuracy of traditional landform maps is very low (about 55%). To date, aerial photographs and topographic maps have been used for landform classification studies. The principal objective of this research is to propose a quantitative approach for landform classification based on a 10-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and some use of an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image. In order to extract and identify the various landforms, slope, elevation range, and stream network pattern were used as basic identifying parameters. These are extractable from a DEM. Further, ASTER images were required to identify the general outline shape of a landform type and the presence or absence of gravel. This study encompassed a relatively large watershed of 451 183 ha with a total elevation difference of 2445 m and a variety of landforms from flat River Alluvial Plains to steep mountains. Classification accuracy ranged from 91.8 to 99.6% with an average of 96.7% based upon extensive ground-truthing. Since similar digital and ASTER image information is available for Iran, an accurate landform map can now be produced for the whole country. The main advantages of this approach are accuracy, lower demands on time and funds for field work and ready availability of required data for many regions of the world.