基于电离层残差法探测和修复周跳多值性的方法研究

针对电离层残差法探测和修复周跳的多值性问题,基于实测数据分析了使用相位减伪距法和载波相位变化率法解决问题的可行性、方法、步骤及效果。研究表明,这两种联合算法都能正确地探测和修复周跳,且具有简单有效的特点。     

龙26-平25长水平段水平井钻井技术

为了高效开发低渗透油藏,在大庆油田龙26区块部署了龙26-平25长水平段水平井。介绍了井身结构与井眼轨迹剖面设计特点,分析了钻井施工中的难点,从井眼轨迹控制、旋转地质导向钻井技术、摩阻与扭矩监测、井眼清洁等几个方面对该井采用的技术措施进行了详细阐述。龙26-平25井完钻井深4045.00 m,水平段长2033.00 m,各项指标均符合设计要求,创出了大庆油田应用水基钻井液施工水平井水平段最长的记录,为今后施工同类型长水平段水平井积累了宝贵的施工经验。     

控压钻井技术在涪陵页岩气田的实践与认识

随着涪陵页岩气田勘探开发进程的不断深入,长水平段页岩气井在钻井过程中遇到的复杂事故愈发凸显。目的层龙马溪组,裂缝发育、岩性构成复杂且破碎严重,钻井中钻井液密度窗口窄,易发生垮塌、溢漏同存、水平井段漏失大量油基泥浆等问题。为了快速、安全有效地钻穿复杂页岩层段,采用控压钻井技术破解长水平段页岩气井井漏的钻井难题,在焦页33-4HF井应用控压钻井技术,在长水平段钻遇多个不同压力系数的漏失显示层,安全钻达完钻井深,大大减少了油基泥浆的漏失及其不良影响,减小了经济损失,取得了显著应用效果。     

CSRH模拟接收机设计

本文叙述了日像仪实验的方案，双天线干涉仪中模拟接收机的结构，灵敏度，动态范围，噪声，增益的各级分配等问题，基于实验方案设计了日像仪模拟接收机。     

河南洛宁县东王沟金矿床成因及找矿方向

洛宁县是河南省重要黄金生产地之一。研究该金矿地质特征、矿床成因及找矿方向认为,该地区燕山期强烈的岩浆活动,为熊耳群地层中金的活化、迁移,富集提供了热动力,在其适当的氧化还原条件下和有利的储矿空间内富积成矿;另外,区内北东向断裂破碎带为金矿形成提供了良好的成矿空间,是重要的控矿因素。总结东王沟金矿床的富集规律,可作为今后该地区金矿找矿与勘探的理论依据。     

Conceptualizing leakage and storage contributions from long open interval wells in regional deep basin flow models

Deep basin aquifers are increasingly used in water‐stressed areas, though their potential for sustainable development is inhibited by overlying aquitards and limited recharge rates. Long open interval wells (LOIWs)—wells uncased through multiple hydrostratigraphic units—are present in many confined aquifer systems and can be an important mechanism for deep basin aquifers to receive flow across aquitards. LOIWs are a major control on flow in the deep Cambrian–Ordovician sandstone aquifers of the upper Midwest, USA, providing a source of artificial leakage from shallow bedrock aquifers and equilibrating head within the sandstone aquifers despite differential pumpage. Conceptualizing and quantifying this anthropogenic flow has long been a challenge for groundwater flow modellers, particularly on a regional scale. Synoptic measurements of active production wells and well completion data for northeast Illinois form the basis for a transient, head‐specified MODFLOW model that determines mass balance contributions to the region and estimates LOIW leakage to the aquifers. Using this insight, transient LOIW leakage was simulated using transiently changing K_V zones in a traditional, Q‐specified MODFLOW‐USG model, a novel approach that allows the K_V in a cell containing a LOIW to change transiently by use of the time‐variant materials (TVM) package. With this modification, we achieved a consistent calibration through time, averaging 19.9 m root mean squared error. This model indicates that artificial leakage via LOIWs contributed a minimum of 10–13% of total flow to the sandstone aquifers through the entire history of pumping, up to 50% of flow around 1930. Removal from storage exceeds 40% of flow during peak withdrawals, much of this flow sourced from units other than the primary sandstone aquifers via LOIWs. As such, understanding the timing and magnitude of LOIW leakage is essential for predicting future water availability in deep basin aquifers.     

Increasing water losses from snow captured in the canopy of boreal forests: A case study using a 30 year data set

Water losses from snow intercepted by forest canopy can significantly influence the hydrological cycle in seasonally snow‐covered regions, yet how snow interception losses (SIL) are influenced by a changing climate are poorly understood. In this study, we used a unique 30 year record (1986–2015) of snow accumulation and snow water equivalent measurements in a mature mixed coniferous (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris ) forest stand and an adjacent open area to assess how changes in weather conditions influence SIL. Given little change in canopy cover during this study, the 20% increase in SIL was likely the result of changes in winter weather conditions. However, there was no significant change in average wintertime precipitation and temperature during the study period. Instead, mean monthly temperature values increased during the early winter months (i.e., November and December), whereas there was a significant decrease in precipitation in March. We also assessed how daily variation in meteorological variables influenced SIL and found that about 50% of the variation in SIL was correlated to the amount of precipitation that occurred when temperatures were lower than ?3 °C and to the proportion of days with mean daily temperatures higher than +0.4 °C. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of understanding the appropriate time scale and thresholds in which weather conditions influence SIL in order to better predict how projected climate change will influence snow accumulation and hydrology in boreal forests in the future.     

Simulation of long‐term consolidation behavior of soft sensitive clay using an elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model

The phenomenon of excess pore water pressure increase or stagnation and continuing large ground deformation in soft sensitive clay following the completion of construction of embankment is simulated for a case study at Saint Alban, Quebec, Canada. The present model employs an updated Lagrangian finite element framework and is combined with an automatic time increment selection scheme. The simulation based on an elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model considers soil‐structure degradation effect. It is shown that without consideration for the microstructural degradation effect, it is not possible to reproduce the field responses of soft sensitive clay even during the construction of the embankment. When the soil‐structure degradation effect is considered, the present model can offer reasonably accurate prediction for the consolidation behavior of soft sensitive clay, including the so‐called anomalous pore water pressure generation and continuing large deformation even after the end of construction, which has been posing numerous uncertainties on the long‐term performance of earth structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of agricultural drought in Iiuni,Eastern Kenya: application of a Markov model

In semi‐arid Kenya, episodes of agricultural droughts of varying severity and duration occur. The occurrence of these agricultural droughts is associated with seasonal rainfall variability and can be reflected by seasonal soil moisture deficits that significantly affect crop performance and yield. The objective of this study was to stochastically simulate the behaviour of dry and wet spells and rainfall amounts in Iiuni watershed, Kenya. The stochastic behaviour of the longest dry and wet spells (runs) and largest rainfall amounts were simulated using a Markov (order 1) model. There were eight raingauge stations within the watershed. The entire analysis was carried out using probability parameters, i.e. mean, variance, simple and conditional probabilities of dry and rain days. An analysis of variance test (ANOVA ) was used to establish significant differences in rainfall characteristics between the eight stations. An analysis of the number of rain days and rainfall amount per rain day was done on a monthly basis to establish the distribution and reliability of seasonal rainfall. The graphic comparison of simulated cumulative distribution functions (Cdfs) of the longest spells and largest rainfall amounts showed Markovian dependence or persistence. The longest dry spells could extend to 24 days in the long rainy season and 12 in the short rainy season. At 50% (median) probability level, the largest rainfall amounts were 91 mm for the long rainy season and 136 mm for the short rainy season. The short rains were more reliable for crop production than the long rains. The Markov model performed well and gave adequate simulations of the spells and rainfall amounts under semi‐arid conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.