Modelling Positional Uncertainty of Line Features by Accounting for Stochastic Deviations from Straight Line Segments

The assessment of positional uncertainty in line and area features is often based on uncertainty in the coordinates of their elementary vertices which are assumed to be connected by straight lines. Such an approach disregards uncertainty caused by sampling and approximation of a curvilinear feature by a sequence of straight line segments. In this article, a method is proposed that also allows for the latter type of uncertainty by modelling random rectangular deviations from the conventional straight line segments. Using the model on a dense network of sub‐vertices, the contribution of uncertainty due to approximation is emphasised; the sampling effect can be assessed by applying it on a small set of randomly inserted sub‐vertices. A case study demonstrates a feasible way of parameterisation based on assumptions of joint normal distributions for positional errors of the vertices and the rectangular deviations and a uniform distribution of missed sub‐vertices along line segments. Depending on the magnitudes of the different sources of uncertainty, not accounting for potential deviations from straight line segments may drastically underestimate the positional uncertainty of line features.     

A-10绝对重力仪残差谱分析

自由落体式绝对重力仪A-10的测量数据拟合残差呈现出明显的周期信号,对4个测站的残差进行FFT处理,并进行频谱分析,结果表明残差组平均的频谱更加稳定,主峰频率与测站无关,主峰幅值与测站明显相关,加周期项改正的绝对重力值偏小。     

手持GPS定位精度与误差的研究

分别探讨在绝对定位和相对定位两种模式下手持式GPS定位的稳定性,得出合理的观测时间长。通过不同时长的观测数据的对比分析给出：实时定位与长时间定位观测值之差在1m之内。手持GPS绝对定位的准确度即测量的结果与其真实位置符合程度非常高,能够控制在亚米级的范围之内。在卫星个数较多的情况下,实时定位的精度也能控制在亚米级的范围之内。利用单点定位系统误差改正模型,消除或减弱某些误差后能得到更高的精度,使得单点定位精度达到半米之内甚至更高。     

Why GPS makes distances bigger than they are

Global navigation satellite systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most important sensors for movement analysis. GPS is widely used to record the trajectories of vehicles, animals and human beings. However, all GPS movement data are affected by both measurement and interpolation errors. In this article we show that measurement error causes a systematic bias in distances recorded with a GPS; the distance between two points recorded with a GPS is – on average – bigger than the true distance between these points. This systematic ‘overestimation of distance’ becomes relevant if the influence of interpolation error can be neglected, which in practice is the case for movement sampled at high frequencies. We provide a mathematical explanation of this phenomenon and illustrate that it functionally depends on the autocorrelation of GPS measurement error (C). We argue that C can be interpreted as a quality measure for movement data recorded with a GPS. If there is a strong autocorrelation between any two consecutive position estimates, they have very similar error. This error cancels out when average speed, distance or direction is calculated along the trajectory. Based on our theoretical findings we introduce a novel approach to determine C in real-world GPS movement data sampled at high frequencies. We apply our approach to pedestrian trajectories and car trajectories. We found that the measurement error in the data was strongly spatially and temporally autocorrelated and give a quality estimate of the data. Most importantly, our findings are not limited to GPS alone. The systematic bias and its implications are bound to occur in any movement data collected with absolute positioning if interpolation error can be neglected.     

重庆地区重复地震识别及在数字地震台网定位评价中的应用

利用重庆数字地震台网2010年1月至2017年12月的地震波形资料和观测报告,选出5个研究区1 251个ML≥1.5地震进行波形互相关计算,识别出358对同时被2个地震台站记录且各台波形互相关系数(cc)不小于0.8的重复地震对,涉及342个地震事件,约占地震总数的27%。将筛选出的重复地震对用于定量判断地震目录中震相拾取误差及评估台网定位精度,结果显示:重庆数字地震台网的垂直定位误差约为3 km,水平定位误差约为5 km,Pg、Sg震相拾取误差分别为0.5 s和0.7 s;其中武隆区地震定位和震相拾取精度最高,綦江区最低。     

The Combined Effect of Initial Error and Model Error on ENSO Prediction Uncertainty Generated by the Zebiak-Cane Model

Initial errors and model errors are the source of prediction errors. In this study, the authors compute the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation （CNOP）-type initial errors and nonlinear forcing singular vector （NFSV）- type tendency errors of the Zebiak-Cane model with respect to El Nifio events and analyze their combined effect on the prediction errors for E1 Nino events. The CNOP- type initial error （NFSV-type tendency error） represents the initial errors （model errors） that have the largest effect on prediction uncertainties for E1 Nifio events under the perfect model （perfect initial conditions） scenario. How- ever, when the CNOP-type initial errors and the NFSV- type tendency errors are simultaneously considered in the model, the prediction errors caused by them are not am- plified as the authors expected. Specifically, the predic- tion errors caused by the combined mode of CNOP-type initial errors and NFSV-type tendency errors are a little larger than those caused by the NFSV-type tendency er- rors. This fact emphasizes a need to investigate the opti- mal combined mode of initial errors and tendency errors that cause the largest prediction error for E1 Nifio events.     

大井锡多金属矿床深部闪长岩体的发现及找矿意义

根据大井西部矿区ZK-29-3、ZK-49-2钻孔中发现的闪长岩体及其岩石学特征,以及对钻孔岩石地球化学特征的分析,论述大井锡多金属矿床深部发现闪长岩体的找矿意义。初步认为,矿区深部存在第二矿化空间和新的矿化类型,具有斑岩系列钼（金）多金属矿的找矿潜力。     

利用重测定的震源深度特征探讨2013年吉林前郭5.8级震群发震因素

利用Pn-Pg震相组合的局部搜索法,采用5种地壳速度模型对2013年吉林前郭5.8级地震震群进行震源深度测定。计算结果显示,5种结果的震源深度的主要分布特征相似。对选取的32个地震震源深度进行重新测定,结果最小为6 km,最大14 km,主要集中在10 km左右,系统深度偏差约1.74 km,震源深度分辨率约1.58km,重定位后地震震中优势分布呈北西向。与当地的沉积层厚度分布对比,这些地震最有可能发生在盆地基底的基岩顶层,而不在油气圈闭的沉积盖层内,并且地震震群分布走向与通榆—长春断裂走向相一致。结合该地区的历史地震活动与构造关系,最后推测这些地震与北西向的通榆—长春断裂构造运动密切相关,而不是油田作业的直接产物。     

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中尺度非静力模式中常用气压分离技术的研究

分析了气压分离和不分离,在几种不同的层结情况下,垂直气压梯度的截断误差.结果表明:基本场取法不当,会引起巨大的截断误差,甚至和不分离时相当;反之,则较小.根据计算,提出了一种取基本场的方法,在一定条件下,可以使气压偏差的垂直梯度的截断误差比不分离时的相应误差小一个量级,从而,可以取较小的垂直分辨率.