GPS定位技术在三峡库区崩滑地质灾害监测中的试验分析

采用GPS定位技术对三峡库区崩滑地质灾害监测进行试验性研究，是实现对地质灾害监测、预报和防治的现代化而采取的一项重要举措。其目的是分析、研究和论证利用GPS定位技术进行崩滑监测的可行性并制定技术规程；建立从链子崖至巴东段的地质灾害GPS监测试验（示范）。基于GPS技术在三峡库区崩滑地质灾害监测中的试验研究，分析了GPS监测的最佳时期、最佳时段长度、最佳截止高度的选取及适宜采用的软件和星历等问题，结果表明，利用GPS定位技术进行崩滑地质灾害监测能够满足其精度要求，该项技术是可行的。     

Alluvial cutoffs as indicators of former channel conditions

Although alluvial cutoffs record accurately the geometry, bedforms, and bed material of the channel when last active, few attempts have been made to use cutoffs in studies of channel changes. A detailed record of historical channel changes on the lower Hunter River in southeastern Australia has shown that this channel responds to naturally alternating periods of high and low flood activity, called flood- and drought-dominated regimes respectively. Sinuosity decreased from 3·84 in 1870, to 2·66 in 1893 and to 1·38 in 1970 through the development of eight cutoffs. The channel also aggraded with medium sand burying the former bed material of mixed mud, coarse sand, and gravel. Channel straightening was a response to increased flood frequencies during the flood-dominated regimes of the late 19th and 20th centuries, combined with localized river engineering works and increased sand load. Detailed stratigraphic studies were carried out on three neck cutoffs and one chute cutoff which were abandoned in 1890, 1950, 1952, and 1956. A comparison of former and present bed elevations and bed material size showed similar trends to those determined by the historical record, confirming the reliability of cutoffs as indicators of former channel conditions. The sedimentary infills of the cutoffs are not uniformly fine grained as recorded previously in the literature. Relatively thin, fine-grained fills were deposited during the drought-dominated regime of the first half of this century but thick, coarser-grained fills were deposited after 1949 during the flood-dominated regime. All fills fine upwards. Cutoff infills provide a record of changing flood activity and sediment loads.     

新疆塔里木河断流趋势分析与减缓对策

塔里木河断流的趋势日益严峻,主要表现在断流长度不断增加,断流时间持续加长,如果这种趋势不能遏制,将大大增加向塔里木河下游生态输水的难度,对流域生态安全和下游绿色走廊的保护产生重大影响。通过对塔里木河断流趋势和水文情势的分析计算,探讨了引起塔里木河断流点上移、断流时间和断流河道加长的原因以及河道断流态势进一步发展可能给塔里木河流域生态安全带来的影响。进一步分析塔里木河流域水土资源管理和水情变化与河道断流的关系,提出塔里木河上游源流区灌溉面积增加是导致进入干流水量减少、河道断流的主要原因,流域大面积垦荒和用水量增加加剧了河道断流趋势的发展。建议实施流域水资源统一管理,强化塔里木河流域管理局管理职能,加强对土地资源的管理,加快对天山地区岩溶地下水的研究与开发,关注山区水库修建可能对塔里木河断流和生态带来的新问题。     

洞庭湖区堤防垂直防渗模型研究

根据洞庭湖区堤防工程地质、地形特性,建立了多元结构堤基垂直防渗概化模型,并按照优化思想,采用渗流有限元法,对垂直防渗墙在砂卵石、相对不透水堤基中的贯入深度和堤内最大渗透坡降的位置、大小的关系做了系统地分析研 究。再根据有限元计算结果,全面地评价了两种型式防渗墙的防渗效果,提出了临界最优贯入深度的概念。最后,将有限元法应用到大东口电排高喷防渗墙工程中,实际工程的安全运营表明了研究结果的正确性和实用性。     

高频振锤薄壁板墙技术处理砂砾石堤基试验研究

高频振锤薄壁板墙技术在砂层堤基的垂直防渗施工中得到了广泛应用。为探索一种适用于洞庭湖区砂砾石堤基的垂直防渗施工方法,对高频振锤薄壁板墙技术的施工工艺、流程等进行了一些改进,实现了施工全过程的计算机控制。将改进后的工法应用到周家湾堤段试验工程中,并采用围井检测、钻孔取芯、测压管监测等手段检验了超薄防渗墙的成墙效果。结果表明,改进后的高频振锤薄壁板墙技术具有成墙连续、完整,防渗效果好、工效高、造价低等特点,是一种适用于处理砂砾石堤基的垂直防渗技术,可用于处理洞庭湖区及其他具有类似地质特征的堤防防渗工程。     

高压喷射灌浆技术在岭澳大坝加固工程中的应用

高压喷射灌浆进行地基防渗回固,取得了显著的成就,超过５０ｍ的深地基是该顶在构筑地下防渗墙时难以跨越的技术难题,近年来该项技术在设备、工艺和材料上进行了改进,取得了突破性进展,岭澳水库坝防渗加固工程是一个典型的实例,成功地建造了深达６６．１的地下连续墙。     

不规则框架-剪力墙结构的地震反应

本文用墙单元将剪力墙中断的框架-剪力墙结构离散,利用传递矩阵技术探讨此不规则框架-剪力墙结构的地震反应,四阶Runge-Kutta法用来求解用正则坐标写出的对应于第j个振型的运动方程.将得到的3个不同剪力墙高度的钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙模型结构的固有频率、最大位移反应和基底剪力与振动台的试验结果进行对比,说明本数值方法是正确的、有效的.最后得出了并不是对所有的框架-剪力墙结构都需把其剪力墙延伸到整个结构高度的结论以及用墙单元和传递矩阵技术求解能有效地减少计算单元、取得同样精度的计算结果.     

龙门山典型河流形态变化的潜在地震因素分析

以岷江支流白沙河和涪江支流湔江为例,探讨了2008年汶川地震之后龙门山地区河流形态的变化及其可能的长期构造地貌效应。研究表明,2008年汶川地震地表破裂带穿越河流形成裂点（跌水）,地震触发的山体滑坡、泥石流堵塞河道形成堰塞湖,致使河流形态及河流水动力条件随之发生变化。河流同震裂点在震后迅速消失,部分河段出现“裁弯取直”的趋势,这可能与河流中激增的沉积通量有关。随着周期性大地震的复发,河流的沉积-侵蚀过程会不断改变,伴随着震间活动断裂持续的构造变形,龙门山河流形态可能会发生快速变化。      

黄河下游影响带(河南段)三维地下水流数值模拟模型及其应用

黄河下游（河南段）影响带属于黄河下游冲积平原地下水系统，黄河对地下水的影响范围为5－23km，面积为9417.6km^2。在建立水文地质概念模型的基础上，运用FEFLOW软件建立了研究区三维地下水流模拟模型，并对模型进行了识别。运用模型确定地下水多年平均补给资源和可开采资源评价；预测新建傍河水源地开采条件下，地下水位在5－10年内趋于稳定；定量研究黄河与地下水的补排关系，傍河水源地开采量的65％－75％来自黄河水，黄河大堤防渗墙工程深度为20m和45m情况下，黄河侧渗量分别减小5.72%和8.12%。     

An efficient transient‐state algorithm for evaluation of leakage through defective cutoff walls

Artificial barriers are widely used to prevent leakages. However, due to construction errors during the wall installation, passages with small dimensions may occasionally penetrate through the barrier, undermining its tightness. A three‐dimensional discretized algorithm (TDA) is proposed for quantitatively estimating the transient‐state discharge rate through defective cutoff walls. By discretizing the wall into a three‐dimensional refined mesh grid, the algorithm enables an examination of penetrating passages, an evaluation of defect dimensions, and an estimation of discharge rate through the penetrating passages. A rigorous realization‐by‐realization comparison between the TDA and the finite element method (FEM) was made, and it was found that the TDA results show strong correlations with the FEM results, but at a remarkably lower (1/10³‐1/10⁴) computational cost. The TDA generally gives a discharge rate that is 0.1‐1.0 times greater than its FEM counterpart, as the lengthened seepage distance due to random corrugations in the penetrating untreated zone cannot be replicated by the TDA.