襄阳一次强雷暴过程的雷达回波与地闪特征分析

利用湖北省闪电定位仪、新一代天气雷达资料并结合常规气象观测等资料,对2011年7月24日下午出现在湖北襄阳的一次强雷暴天气过程进行了分析。该过程的两个强风暴分别产生了冰雹和雷雨大风（后期强降水）,重点分析了两个强风暴系统生命期雷达回波和闪电（地闪）特征。结果表明：产生冰雹的强风暴是一个孤立的超级单体,降雹发生在超级单体成熟阶段;产生雷雨大风和强降水的强风暴是一个弓状回波,雷雨大风发生在弓状回波顶部,强降水回波成片状且移速较慢;两个风暴的地闪演变特征及闪电在风暴生命史各阶段分布的位置不同。     

Fourcade: the Centenary of a Stereoscopic Method of Photographic Surveying

In the Preface to his book, The Four Faces of Fourcade, Clare Storrar (1990) wrote: "It is di.cult to appreciate the breadth and depth of Henry Georges Fourcade's intelligence and creative power. He was an intellectual giant, a phenomenon, whose theoretical and practical achievements have never received proper recognition. These were all the more remarkable because he began his original work on photogrammetry when science in South Africa was in its infancy, and he laboured alone far from libraries and other research facilities. His only higher academic training was in land surveying. He was adept in each of four sciences at various stages in his life, but, mainly because of his natural reserve, his reputation was highly compartmentalised. To foresters he was 'the most brilliant forestry officer of his time' to surveyors, he was exceptionally learned in theory and skilled in practice. Photogrammetry was a new subject, unheard of, except by a handful of scientists. In botany, which he took up seriously at the age of fifty-five, his work was highly regarded by leading botanists in South Africa and in Europe. All stood in awe of his extraordinary talent and ability. Some were frightened of him. But few were able—in fact, not even the best brains were wholly qualified—to grasp fully the tremendous intellectual stature and potential of this protean man."
This paper briefly describes the historic achievements of Henry Georges Fourcade, with the emphasis on his land surveying and, in particular, his photogrammetric contributions to science. The centenary of one of these, his proposal of a stereoscopic method of photographic surveying, occurs in October 2001.     

自然风景区雷电灾害风险评估方法研究

雷电灾害已日益成为影响人类经济社会发展的严重灾害之一。基于信息扩散理论建立雷电灾害风险评估模型,对江苏省2008—2019年雷电灾害事故进行分析计算。结果表明：江苏省雷电灾害事故多集中于320次·a^-1内,约1.9 a一遇,而发生880次·a^-1以上的概率较小,约38.2 a一次;人身伤亡风险主要集中在12人·a^-1内,约1.8 a一遇,大于30人·a^-1的伤亡次数则约14.1 a发生一次;经济损失风险值为650万元·a^-1的累积发生概率为58.62%,而2 250万元·a^-1的发生概率极低,仅为1.84%。定量化的计算分析数据可使人们对雷电灾害事故有更深入的了解,并为相关政府部门制定防灾减灾决策提供一定的科学依据。

     

Determination of the crop row orientations from Formosat-2 multi-temporal and panchromatic images

This paper presents a technique developed for the retrieval of the orientation of crop rows, over anthropic lands dedicated to agriculture in order to further improve estimate of crop production and soil erosion management. Five crop types are considered: wheat, barley, rapeseed, sunflower, corn and hemp. The study is part of the multi-sensor crop-monitoring experiment, conducted in 2010 throughout the agricultural season (MCM’10) over an area located in southwestern France, near Toulouse. The proposed methodology is based on the use of satellite images acquired by Formosat-2, at high spatial resolution in panchromatic and multispectral modes (with spatial resolution of 2 and 8 m, respectively). Orientations are derived and evaluated for each image and for each plot, using directional spatial filters (45° and 135°) and mathematical morphology algorithms. “Single-date” and “multi-temporal” approaches are considered. The single-date analyses confirm the good performances of the proposed method, but emphasize the limitation of the approach for estimating the crop row orientation over the whole landscape with only one date. The multi-date analyses allow (1) determining the most suitable agricultural period for the detection of the row orientations, and (2) extending the estimation to the entire footprint of the study area. For the winter crops (wheat, barley and rapeseed), best results are obtained with images acquired just after harvest, when surfaces are covered by stubbles or during the period of deep tillage (0.27 > R² > 0.99 and 7.15° > RMSE > 43.02°). For the summer crops (sunflower, corn and hemp), results are strongly crop and date dependents (0 > R² > 0.96, 10.22° > RMSE > 80°), with a well-marked impact of flowering, irrigation equipment and/or maximum crop development. Last, the extent of the method to the whole studied zone allows mapping 90% of the crop row orientations (more than 45,000 ha) with an error inferior to 40°, associated to a confidence index ranging from 1 to 5 for each agricultural plot.     

顾及同步差的POS系统视准轴误差检校

推导了POS系统视准轴误差检校的数学模型,提出将POS系统的同步差作为一项检校内容,并给出了严格的同步差估算方法。试验表明,顾及同步差的视准轴误差检校精度与转换所得的角元素精度均有明显提高。     

多角度倾斜摄影技术在自动纹理映射上的应用

利用多角度倾斜摄影技术获取的倾斜影像成果来更新和构建城市三维实景纹理映射成为数字城市建设中的一个重要应用。本文采用基于DLG和3Dmax生成的建筑物模型,结合SWDC-5的多角度倾斜影像,通过自动选择纹理、自动编辑纹理、自动纹理映射等一系列步骤,自动生成大区域建筑物三维实景数字城市。并通过实验数据对该计算方法的可靠性进行验证,结果表明:该系统的数字化程度远远高于传统方法。     

AGT-1全自动陀螺经纬仪在地铁建设中的应用及精度分析

将国产全自动陀螺经纬仪AGT-1应用于地铁施工中,对长隧道中的控制边进行定向检核,得出了该陀螺仪在室外实际定向的精度,并对该仪器的使用提出几点建议。     

基准尺定向法在多波束天线测量中的应用

通过对多波束天线数学模型的介绍和基准尺定向法两种方案的分析,得出最佳定向方案,为多波束天线的安装提供了有效的定向方法。     

地质导向技术在煤层气水平井中的应用——以柳林区块某多分支水平井为例

地质导向技术能有效提高煤层气水平井施工成功率和煤层钻遇率,但由于其具有导向参数多、工艺要求高、易受地质因素影响等特点,使其在实际应用中还存在诸多难点。以柳林区块内某多分支水平井为例,针对该井现场地质导向作业面临的资料缺乏、参数受欠平衡钻进干扰、煤层结构复杂等难点,建立合适的地质导向模型,优选合理的导向参数和导向系统,对地质导向技术在实际应用中的工艺与流程进行了系统论述。实践表明,地质导向技术在该井的应用效果良好:煤层钻遇率达到了93.1%;截至目前,该井的产气量达8600m3/d,且还在进一步提升。     

Pore orientation of granular materials during biaxial compression

The local pore spaces in granular materials tend to be aligned parallel to the major principal stress direction upon particle mobilization. Manifestation of this response has been numerically validated in our previous studies with the aid of discrete element method modeling and image processing techniques during creep and shearing. We now extend the modeling of pore geometry, constructed with spherical particles, to assemblies of particle clumps. Two-dimensional simulations are performed for both loose and dense assemblies of spherical particles and particle clumps. Each particle packing is bound by rigid or flexible walls and subjected to biaxial compression and the particle mobilization effect on the evolution of pore orientation is explored. Randomly shaped pores surrounded by adjacent particles are geometrically quantified by Delaunay tessellation and fitted with ellipses. Results show that localization is apparent in dense assemblies, in particular for clumped particle packing, while loose assemblies exhibit diffusive failure. Small pores within well-defined shear bands tend to align either parallel to the direction of the shear band or perpendicular to the major principal stress. On the other hand, small pores within the blocks and large pores have a tendency to become elongate towards the major principal stress direction. This study reveals for the first time that pore orientation is dependent upon particle shape, pore size, and assembly conditions on the pore and global scales.