褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)受精卵及仔稚鱼生理生态学研究进展

作者综述近年来国内外在褐牙鲆受精卵及仔稚鱼的发育、行为及理化环境对其生理生态的影响等方面的研究进展。着重介绍在人工养殖环境中，水温、盐度、水质、光照等环境因素的变化对褐牙鲆卵的孵化及仔稚鱼的发育和行为所产生的影响,以及褐牙鲆仔稚鱼不同发育阶段对各种理化环境的耐受范围和阈值。探讨人工种苗和天然种苗在形态发育及行为等方面的差异，对今后褐牙鲆的集约化健康养殖提出了几点建议。     

若干南极环境样品的放射性

本文观测比较了第六次南极考察采集的样品和190年采集的中国近海样品的放射性。结果表明,南极海洋沉积物的天然核素、~(137)Cs与中国近海沉积物一样均处于正常的波动范围,并有明显的沉积现象;南大洋表层海水的总β放射性比中国近海海水的少17%～52%;南极地衣对总β放射性的浓集系数达1.3×10~3～2.3×10~3,茎、果实是浓集放射性的关键器官,对~(137)Cs的浓集量达17.5Bq/kg(干),为中国近海海洋植物的8～14倍。     

南极考察队员生活规律的紊乱与地磁场关系的初探

根据南极越冬队员出现生活规律的紊乱及不同程度的“南极综合症”现象,结合越冬队员血液、尿及其心理、生理等方面的数据,对比南极地区地磁场变化,初步显示出这些现象与南极地区地磁场环境有关。     

初探藻类,地衣生物岩溶微形态与内陆环境间相关性

藻类、地衣可以直接殖居在碳酸盐岩表面,通过生物化学、生物物理过程对其基质产生钻孔溶蚀作用,并产生相应特征性的微形态。文中初探了微形态与①岩面的水热条件;②不同地貌部位的微环境;③植被覆盖程度;④不同气候带间存在的相关性。并讨论和展望了生物岩溶微形态研究的前景,开拓生物岩溶研究新思路。     

Mapping Lichen Diversity as a First Step for Air Quality Assessment

The evaluation of air quality is an important topic. It is well known that lichens have a set of characteristics that make them well suited for biomonitoring purposes. Sampling lichen diversity is not as expensive as chemical analysis, allowing a dense sampling grid and reducing the costs. Lichen diversity can be used to identify more disturbed areas, resulting from pollution, land use or ecological variables. In recent years, in order to enable extended use of lichens and to reduce ambiguities, i.e., variations due to unwanted environmental variables, efforts have been made to develop a feasible protocol for lichen sampling for biomonitoring purposes. This work aims at providing the information needed a priori for an air quality assessment study, in the form of a map showing areas where lichen diversity and abundance is lower. This study was done by sampling foliose and fruticulose lichen diversity and frequency, in a region in southwest Portugal (Sines) with large industrial facilities. A long-term study has been underway in the same area since the 1970s using lichens as bioindicators to evaluate air quality. In this work, we used a standard protocol to determine a lichen diversity value (LDV), to be used as an indicator of environmental quality. In order to reduce uncertainty concerning the type of disturbance affecting lichens, sampling sites were restricted using well-defined criteria. Whenever possible, sampling site variables were quantified. This method allowed us to reduce the many sources of variability affecting lichen diversity.     

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区紫外辐射特征及其对植物生理作用的探讨

利用祁连山海北高寒草甸地区 2 0 0 0年植物生长期内的太阳辐射观测资料 ,分析了该地区太阳紫外辐射 (UV)在植物生长期内的日、季节变化特征 ,以及在太阳总辐射 (Eg)中所占的比例 (η)。结果表明 :海北站地区UV较强 ,瞬时极大值可达 77W·m-2 ,日总量最大达 1.8MJ·m-2 以上 ;实际天气状况下月总量最大可达 4 1.6 2 0MJ·m-2 (5月 ) ,植物生长期内的 4月到 10月总量达 2 18.6 5 1MJ·m-2 。UV有明显的日、季节变化规律。日间UV所表现的单峰式曲线变化过程 ,与总辐射变化有关。在晴天状况下 ,η的变化下午高于上午 ,日平均约为 0 .0 4 8;阴天状况下在 13:0 0～ 14 :0 0较高 ,早晚低 ,且随云层厚薄而发生显著的变化。同时表明 ,阴天状况下的η值 (0 .0 5 3)高于晴天。就生长期实际情况来看 ,η值在植物生长的前期较高 ,植物生长后期较低 ,植物生长期内平均约为 0 .0 5 2。受强UV的影响 ,高寒草甸几种主要植物 ,其植物根、茎、叶的可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、非结构性碳水化合物均较高 ,且表现出日出后迅速增加 ,植物根茎粗壮等 ,植物的生理适应性及其植物体的结构发生改变 ,致使高寒草甸植物具有明显的抗寒性功能机制和形态结构。     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.     

Factors influencing small-scale distribution of 10 macrolichens in King George Island,West Antarctica

Lichens are among the main primary colonists in most terrestrial ecosystems of Antarctica, where the effects of environmental factors on spatial distribution of lichens are essential to understanding the functioning of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. We measured abundance of 10 frequently observed macrolichens and 15 environmental factors at a small scale （20 cm× 20 cm）, in the ice-free areas of Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, King George Island, West Antarctica, and assessed the effects of environmental factors on the local distribution of these lichens. Canonical correspondence analyses （CCA） show that 8 out of 15 environmental factors, belonging to 4 sets of variables, are important in spatial distribution of the 10 lichens. Variation partitioning analyses show that most of the variation in distribution of the 10 lichens is described by the spatial heterogeneity of substrate, bird influence and microclimate and topography, whereas human impact has no significant effects.     

LICHEN GROWTH RATES ON GLACIER FORELANDS IN SOUTHERN NORWAY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A 25-YEAR MONITORING PROGRAMME

A unique 25-year lichen growth monitoring programme involving 2,795 individuals of the Rhizocarpon subgenus at 47 sites on 18 glacier forelands in the Jotunheimen–Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway is reported. The data are used to address fundamental questions relating to direct lichenometry: spatial and temporal variability in lichen growth rates, climatic effects on lichen growth rates, lichen growth models, and implications for lichenometric dating. Mean annual (diametral) growth rate ranged from 0.43 to 0.87 mm yr⁻¹ between sites, which is attributed primarily to local habitat differences. Interannual variability in annual mean growth rate exceeded 1.0 mm yr⁻¹ at some sites. Annual mean growth rates for all sites combined varied from 0.52 to 0.81 mm yr⁻¹ and was positively correlated with annual mean temperature and winter mean temperature (both r = 0.64, p <0.005) but not with summer seasonal temperature: positive correlations with annual and winter precipitation were less strong and the correlation with summer precipitation was marginally significant (r = 0.41 p <0.10). Growth-rate models characterized by annual growth rates that remain approximately constant or increase with lichen size up to at least 120 mm tended to fit the data more closely than a parabolic model. This is tentatively attributed to a long 'linear/mature' phase in the growth cycle. Comparison with growth rates inferred from indirect lichenometry suggest that such high measured growth rates could not have been maintained over the last few centuries by the largest lichens used in southern Norway for lichenometric dating. Several hypotheses, such as the effects of competition and climate change, which might explain this paradox, are discussed.     

极端微生物的多样性及应用

极端微生物是一类适应极端环境相对隔离进化的微生物,占据对生命而言接近极限的生态位,在形态结构、生理生化、分子进化机制等方面具有特殊性.文中综述了极端微生物的分布和分类特点,对嗜热、嗜冷、嗜酸、嗜碱、嗜盐和嗜压微生物等六大类群分别进行描述,并分别叙述了其具有的极端环境活性物质和应用价值.