WRF模式中QNSE方案的湍流长度尺度系数的调整试验研究

边界层参数化方案中湍流混合对数值模拟起着重要的作用,湍流混合作用的恰当描述对于温度、湿度、风场以及降水的准确模拟至关重要。我国长江中下游流域人口密集,暴雨灾害频发,很有必要寻找一种适合该地区降水模拟的边界层参数化方案。本文运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值模式,以QNSE（Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination）边界层参数化方案为基础,将其中湍流混合长度尺度系数调整为可变参数。本文将Noh et al.（2003）提出的Prandtl公式与Janji?提出的修正湍流长度尺度系数的方法相结合,通过考虑非局地项的强迫、地表稳定度与边界层高度对湍流长度尺度系数的影响,强调大气的动力结构特征与热力结构特征对湍流混合的共同影响,从而提高QNSE边界层参数化方案在不同地理环境下的模拟能力。文章通过进行长江中下游地区的典型暴雨试验,将调整参数后的QNSE方案与原方案进行比较,重点分析调整参数后的方案与原方案对关键基本气象要素场、边界层结构特征以及降水的模拟能力,并将模拟结果与观测结果进行对比,结果表明:调整参数后的方案一定程度上改进了地表温度、边界层结构以及降水的模拟效果。进一步研究表明,调整参数后的方案主要通过改变边界层混合缓解水汽混合比、位温模拟方面的误差。     

2014年夏季青藏高原狮泉河与林芝降水低频振荡及陆—气过程日变化特征

根据“第三次青藏高原大气科学试验” 2014年7、8月青藏高原西南部狮泉河站、东南部林芝站的3 m涡动相关系统原始数据和10 Hz湍流资料以及中国气象局台站观测资料、JRA-55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis）逐日再分析资料、GPCP（Global Precipitation Climatology Project）全球降水逐日观测资料,分别讨论了这两个站在10~20天低频振荡的天气背景下其干、湿位相近地层气象要素的日变化特征以及湍流变化特征。结果表明:两站高低空环流场、水汽通量场、热源的10~20天低频分量在其干、湿位相期间的配置相反。低频地表感热和潜热的不同变化对降水的影响分别在高原西部和东部有不同表现。狮泉河站的低频振荡在纬向上自西向东传播,而林芝站的低频振荡在纬向上自东向西传播,结果表明这两个站分别存在两种不同起源的低频振荡。两站干、湿位相的近地面气象要素以及湍流通量具有明显的日变化特征,通常温度极大值出现在午后14时（北京时,下同）,但狮泉河站干、湿位相的温度极大值均出现在夜间20时;由波文比可知,狮泉河站湿位相全天以潜热为主导,干位相期间,06时之前以潜热为主,06时之后以感热为主;林芝站干、湿位相均为08时之前以感热为主,08时之后以潜热为主。两站湍流平均动能与平均风速正相关,垂直动量表现为向下传输,热量和水汽表现为向上传输。     

太平洋中部多金属结核生物地层学研究

本文利用钙质超微化生物地质学研究方法，分析鉴定了多金属结核中的钙质超微化石，建立了多金属结核生长层柱状剖面图，确定了多金属结核形成的三个生长阶段及其年代，为揭示多金属结核的成矿规律和分布规律提供了必要的地质资料。     

渤、黄、东海表层余流场的一种客观分析--应用物理模型法

海洋的上混合层可近似为温度、盐度和余流的垂直均匀层,如同大气的充分混合层一样.稳定度很大的跃层可看作是流的一个物质面,由此推理混合层内的余流通量可视为是水平无辐散的.本文以物理模型的方法设计了在渤、黄、东海海域求解多连通区域无辐散流的数值解法,研制了一个适用于上混合层积分模式的余流客观分析方法,并用多年平均的8月的余流和混合层深度的观测资料求解了无辐散流场,结果与被海洋学者认知的基于实测资料分析的渤、黄、东海环流图较好地一致.     

Global estimates of wind energy input to subinertial motions in the Ekman-Stokes layer

By incorporating the wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing into the classical Ekman model, the wind energy input to the Ekman-Stokes layer is investigated, with an emphasis on the surface wave effects when the direction of Stokes drift deviates from that of wind stress. Theoretical analysis of the kinetic energy balance of the Ekman-Stokes layer shows that the total wind energy input consists of the direct wind energy input and the wave-induced energy input. Details of the direct wind and wave-induced energy input are discussed. Based on the ECMWF ERA-40 Re-Analysis wind stress and surface wave data, the global total wind energy input to subinertial motions in the Ekman-Stokes layer is estimated at 2.19 TW, including 0.26 TW (12%) wave-induced energy input and 1.93 TW (88%) direct wind energy input. The effect of sea-ice coverage on the energy input to the Ekman-Stokes layer is also considered. It is shown that the global total energy input could be overestimated by 0.08 TW (about 4%) without taking the sea-ice coverage into account.     

A case study for the effect of a flow improvement device (a partial wake equalizing duct) on ship powering characteristics

A case study for the energy saving in the powering characteristics of a river going general cargo ship has been carried out. Two different hull forms were generated from the original hull form of the vessel to optimise the stern flow of the vessel. A possible energy saving concept, such as partial wake equalizing duct was investigated in this manner. Resistance, self-propulsion and flow visualization measurements were performed with the hull models to explore the effect of partial wake equalizing ducts on the powering characteristics of the hull form. Analysis of the results indicates that the partial wake equalizing duct concept with an appropriate stern design affect not only the flow characteristics at aft-end, but also the propulsion characteristics. In order to identify effect of each component (partial wake equalizing duct and stern form) a further investigation is needed.     

春季南海北部上混合层的数值模拟与数值实验

根据 1 998年南海季风实验 (SCSMEX)北部“实验 3号”调查船的观测资料 ,采用一维湍动能模式 (TKE模式 ) ,对春季南海北部的SST及混合层随时间变化特征进行了数值模拟和数值试验。结果表明 ,TKE模式能够很好地模拟南海北部的海表面温度SST和上混合层深度随时间变化基本特征。在南海 5— 6月 ,SST的日振荡主要依赖于短波辐射的日变化 ,短波辐射是SST的主要维持机制 ;短波辐射会使SST升高 1— 4℃ ;风的垂直混合作用主要是抑制了SST的日周期振荡。春季南海海面潜热通量和感热通量与短波辐射和风应力相比较 ,是一个对SST影响较小的量。南海北部 5月份混合层深度的变化趋势和振荡特征受风应力和短波辐射共同控制 ,风应力使混合层深度加深 5— 1 0m ,短波辐射使混合层深度平均变浅 5— 1 0m。而 6月份南海北部 ,在夏季风爆发后短波辐射较小 ,短波辐射的作用只能使混合层深度变浅1— 2m ,潜热通量和感热通量对混合层的作用会使混合层的深度加深 1— 2m ,混合层深度主要受风应力控制。     

长江三角洲第一硬土层中微结核的矿物化学特征及其成因

长江三角洲第一硬土层是古土壤层,是长江河漫滩型沉积物,其形成经历多次沉积和成土过程.硬土层中的铁锰结核以菱铁矿、菱锰矿和褐铁矿为主,通过铁锰元素离子和矿物Eh-pH稳定关系分析,最有利于菱锰矿和菱铁矿结核生成的条件是:Eh＜0且pH＞8.成土期处于末次冰期低海面、气候寒冷干燥期,土壤的化学过程是以氧化作用为主,是褐铁矿等氧化性矿物形成时期;冰后期海相层的沉积覆盖使土壤层进入成岩阶段,土壤层的化学过程以还原作用为主,成岩过程是铁锰碳酸盐结核的主要生成期.     

Bottom friction and its effects on periodic long wave propagation

A new set of Boussinesq-type equations describing the free surface evolution and the corresponding depth-integrated horizontal velocity is derived with the bottom boundary layer effects included. Inside the boundary layer the eddy viscosity gradient model is employed to characterize Reynolds stresses and the eddy viscosity is further approximated as a linear function of the distance measured from the seafloor. Boundary-layer velocities are coupled with the irrotational velocity in the core region through boundary conditions. The leading order boundary layer effects on wave propagation appear in the depth-integrated continuity equation to account for the velocity deficit inside the boundary layer. This formulation is different from the conventional approach in which a bottom stress term is inserted in the momentum equation. An iterative scheme is developed to solve the new model equations for the free surface elevation, depth-integrated velocity, the bottom stress, the boundary layer thickness and the magnitude of the turbulent eddy viscosity. A numerical example for the evolution of periodic waves propagating in one-dimensional channel is discussed to illustrate the numerical procedure and physics involved. The differences between the conventional approach and the present formulation are discussed in terms of the bottom frictional stress and the free surface profiles.