Comments on the Synergism Between the Analytic Planetary Boundary-Layer Model and Remote Sensing Data

This paper is adapted from a presentation at the session of the European Geophysical Society meeting in 2002 honouring Joost Businger. It documents the interaction of the non-linear planetary boundary-layer (PBL) model (UW-PBL) and satellite remote sensing of marine surface winds from verification and calibration studies for the sensor model function to the current state of verification of the model by satellite data. It is also a personal history where Joost Businger had seminal input to this research at several critical junctures. The first scatterometer in space was on SeaSat in 1978, while currently in orbit there are the QuikSCAT and ERS-2 scatterometers and the WindSat radiometer. The volume and detail of data from the scatterometers during the past decade are unprecedented, though the value of these data depends on a careful interpretation of the PBL dynamics. The model functions (algorithms) that relate surface wind to sensor signal have evolved from straight empirical correlation with simple surface-layer 10-m winds to satellite sensor model functions for surface pressure fields. A surface stress model function is also available. The validation data for the satellite model functions depended crucially on the PBL solution. The non-linear solution for the flow of fluid in the boundary layer of a rotating coordinate system was completed in 1969. The implications for traditional ways of measuring and modelling the PBL were huge and continue to this day. Unfortunately, this solution replaced an elegant one by Ekman with a stability/finite perturbation equilibrium solution. Consequently, there has been great reluctance to accept this solution. The verification of model predictions has been obtained from the satellite data.     

Generalized Sequential Gaussian Simulation on Group Size ν and Screen-Effect Approximations for Large Field Simulations

The modelling of spatial uncertainty in attributes of geological phenomena is frequently based on the stochastic simulation of Gaussian random fields. This paper presents a generalization of the sequential Gaussian simulation method founded upon the group decomposition of the posterior probability density function of a stationary and ergodic Gaussian random field into posterior probability densities of a set of groups of nodes of size . The method, which is termed generalized sequential Gaussian simulation on group size , relies computationally on sharing the neighborhood of adjacent nodes and simulates groups of nodes at a time, instead of the traditional node-by-node simulation. The new method is computationally efficient and suitable for simulation on large grids of nodes. Results suggest that, in terms of computing cost (time), an optimal size of a group is about 80% of the optimal neighborhood used for sequential Gaussian simulation and that computation can be up to 50 times faster than the regular sequential Gaussian method, with little loss in accuracy. The effectiveness of the method is assessed by using a general measure of accuracy, screen-effect approximation loss (SEA loss), defined herein as the mean-square difference between the simulated value posterior to the information in the neighborhood and the simulated value posterior to all information, and shown to be determined by the corresponding posterior variances. The results presented show that both the exponential and the spherical models perform well and can meet the less-than 5% relative SEA loss requirement for any grid setup using a relatively small neighborhood. The Gaussian covariance model was found to have a relatively high relative SEA loss in most cases.     

Simulation of Gravity Currents Using VOF Model

By the Volume of Fluid (VOF) rnultiphase flow model two-dimensional gravity currents with three phases including air are numerically simulated in this article. The necessity of consideration of turbulence effect for high Reynolds numbers is demonstrated quantitatively by LES (the Large Eddy Simulation) turbulence model. The gravity currents are simulated for h ≠ H as well as h= H, where h is the depth of the gravity current before the release and H is the depth of the in-truded fluid. Uprising of swell occurs when a current flows horizontally into another lighter one for h ≠ H. The problems under what condition the uprising of swell occurs and how long it takes are considered in this article. All the simulated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results available.     

SAR影像仿真与水下地形反演的阻尼牛顿—行作用法

研究了浅海SAR影像仿真与水下地形反演的数值方法。将仿真与反演问题模型处理为相互独立的依赖于时间的非线性偏微分方程动力系统。使反演问题模型仅依赖于SAR影像灰度值，计算可一次性完成，计算过程中无须与正问题进行数据交互，在此基础上，提出了仿真与反演的一种新的一致性优化算法：阻尼牛顿-行作用法．数值实验结果表明，算法对SAR影像仿真问题具有高效、可靠、计算稳定的特征；对水下地形反演问题也有较强的数值稳定性和较高的计算精度。本文3个算例反演出的地形与实际地形之间的相关系数都优于0．72029．     

Dynamic Structure of the Kuroshio South of Kyushu in Relation to the Kuroshio Path Variations

The variation of velocity and potential vorticity (PV) of the Kuroshio at the PN line in the East China Sea and the TK line across the Tokara Strait were examined in relation to the path variations of the Kuroshio in the southern region of Japan, using quarterly data from a conductivity-temperature-depth profiler and a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler during 1987–97. At the PN line the Kuroshio has a single stable current core located over the continental slope and a significant maximum of PV located just onshore of the current axis in the middle part of the main pycnocline. On the other hand, the Kuroshio at the TK line has double current cores over the two gaps in the Tokara Strait; the northern core has a much larger velocity than the southern core on average during periods of the large meander of the Kuroshio, while the difference in strength between the double cores is small during the non-large-meander (NLM) period. At the TK line, PV in the middle pycnocline is variable; it is small and nearly uniform throughout the section for 40% of the total observations, while it has a significant maximum near the northern core for 30% and two maxima corresponding to the double current cores for 23%. The small, nearly uniform PV occurs predominantly during the NLM period, and is closely related to the generation of the small meander of the Kuroshio southeast of Kyushu. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于多元线性回归函数的波浪荷载实验研究

在实际工程实验与研究中，根据最小二乘法估计理论，进行多元线性回归分析是一种常见的数据处理方法。大直径圆柱壳结构是近年来在港口海洋工程中出现的一种新型结构。在大直径圆柱壳结构波浪力实验的基础上，引入多元线性回归函数对作用在大直径圆柱壳结构上的波浪力及其弯矩的计算进行了分析，并尝试给出作用在该结构上的波浪荷载公式。     

胶州湾浮游植物分子遗传多样性初步研究

用聚合酶链式反应扩增海洋浮游植物总体的核酮糖 1 ,5 -二磷酸羧化 /氧化酶大亚基基因(rbc L)片段 ,建立该基因变异类型文库 ,并随机测定了 38个 rbc L大亚基基因片段序列 ,初步分析了海洋浮游植物分子遗传多样性。将≥ 97%的氨基酸序列相似性定义为种内变异 ,38个片段分别代表1 3个不同的物种 ,或称为不同的操作分类单元。与数据库序列比较发现 ,PPJZ0 1 ,PPJZ1 1和 PPJZ2 0可能是已报道的 rbc L基因序列代表的物种 ,其它克隆在数据库中没有对应的近缘物种序列存在。系统学分析表明分离的克隆分别属于隐藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门和 streptophyta等的浮游植物 ,极少数克隆来源于异鞭毛藻类、定鞭藻纲和原细菌。根据各操作分类单元克隆数计算得胶州湾浮游植物分子遗传多样性指数为 1 .97。研究结果为利用分子生物学方法剖分海洋浮游植物群落结构、研究海洋浮游植物动力学积累了基础数据     

1974—2013年甘肃冰雹日数的变化特征

利用甘肃省1974—2013年80个观测站的冰雹观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,通过统计分析和物理量诊断等方法,对1974—2013年甘肃冰雹日数的变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：冰雹总的分布特征是高原和高山多,河谷、盆地、沙漠戈壁少,多年平均降雹日数在0.05~9 d之间,有三个高发中心,主要位于高原和高山地区,说明海拔高度对甘肃冰雹的形成具有重要影响。降雹最早始于3月,最晚结束于11月,主要发生在5—8月。近40年年冰雹日数呈明显的下降趋势,20世纪70—80年代是冰雹的高发期,进入21世纪以后迅速减少,全省而言每10年减少0.5 d。5—8月冰雹日数总体上也呈下降趋势,但各月的年际和年代际变化又具有显著的差异性。除河西地区外,甘肃其他四个区的年冰雹日数均发生了显著减少突变。对5月甘肃降雹偏多年和偏少年的对比分析表明,作为一种强烈的对流运动,降雹偏多年首先表现出对流不稳定能量的异常偏高,能够达到常年的两倍以上,其次发现环境温、湿层结在偏多年份朝着冰雹在积雨云中形成、增长及其落地前融化等一系列物理过程的有利条件方向发展,例如500 hPa有一明显的温度槽且较常年偏低2℃左右,低层水汽增多、中层减少,形成了“上干下湿”的不稳定层结配置,有适宜生长和降落的0℃层（3900～4500 m）和-20℃高度（6400～7000 m）。此外,200 hPa涡旋特征的出现保证了一支强上升气流支撑空中冰雹的增长。     

甘南高原“4.15”冰雹天气的多普勒雷达特征分析

利用甘南多普勒雷达资料分析了2014年4月15日甘肃省合作市强对流天气过程,结果表明:此次冰雹天气的雹云特征与甘肃中东部地区存在一定的差异,虽然出现了弱回波区、回波悬垂、50 d Bz以上强回波伸展到-20℃以上等甘肃中东部地区大冰雹的降雹特征,但没有出现大冰雹。垂直液态水含量突增时,可以预示降雹开始,但此次冰雹天气过程开始时,垂直液态水含量仅为5 kg/m~2,远远小于东部地区;随着对流云增强,垂直液态水含量达到15 kg/m~2。强对流附近出现的低空大风速区不一定是低空急流,也可能是对流云的出流。     

The Role of Initial Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentration in Hail Using the WRF NSSL 2-moment Microphysics Scheme

The effects of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations(100–3000 mg~(-1)) on hail properties were investigated in an idealized non-severe hail storm experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, with the National Severe Storms Laboratory 2-moment microphysics scheme. The initial CCN concentration(CCNC) had obvious non-monotonic effects on the mixing ratio, number concentrations, and radius of hail, both in clouds and at the surface, with a CCNC threshold between 300 and 500 mg~(-1). An increasing CCNC is conducive(suppressive) to the amount of surface hail precipitation below(above) the CCNC threshold. The non-monotonic effects were due to both the thermodynamics and microphysics. Below the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratios of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased dramatically with the increasing CCNC, resulting in more latent heat released from condensation and frozen between 4 and 8 km and intensified updraft volume. The extent of the riming process, which is the primary process for hail production, increased dramatically. Above the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratio of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased continuously, but the maximum updraft volume was weakened because of reduced frozen latent heating at low level. The smaller ice crystals reduced the formation of hail and smaller clouds, with decreased rain water reducing riming efficiency so that graupel and hail also decreased with increasing CCNC, which is unfavorable for hail growth.