GeneMap软件在大比例尺地形图缩编中的应用

大比例尺数字化地形图在城镇建设中起着重要的作用,而传统地形图缩编技术效率较低。本文以北京市1∶2000数字化地形图缩编1∶10000地形图为例,充分利用GEOWAY GeneMap平台的缩编功能,采用基于规则库的一致性制图综合和交互式制图综合相结合的方法,缩编作业效率比较高,减轻了作业强度,提高了作业精度,为大比例尺地形图缩编提供了一种新的思路。     

L波段高空气象探测系统气压、高度观测数据分析

对甘肃省民勤站L波段高空探测系统GTS1型探空仪地面基测气压变量的统计分析表明,气压传感器在地面稳定的环境下感应的数值与标准气压数值相比偏低;在实时探测过程中,气压相差1hPa时,L波段高空探测系统所反映出的测高偏差随探测高度的增加而不断变大;对L波段雷达和GTS1探空仪测量高度的差值进行比较,所得的高度差随探空仪的升高而逐渐增大,探测高度到达36000gpm时,高度差约为1700gpm。     

S波段多普勒天气雷达旁瓣回波的特征分析

通过对2002～2005年S波段多普勒天气雷达上旁瓣回波的分析,描述了其在基本反射率因子、径向速度、速度谱宽PPI图及反射率因子和径向速度垂直剖面图上的形态特征.在7次强对流事件的19个雹暴云中发现有6次强对流事件10个雹暴云共产生旁瓣回波110次(基于反射率因子仰角产品的统计).统计结果表明:形成旁瓣回波最小反射率因子强度为60 dBz,97.3%的旁瓣回波出现在反射率因子强度≥63 dBz时,旁瓣回波出现在50～100 km距离段内的机率最大;旁瓣回波出现的最大高度为11 km,最低高度是1 km,97.3%的旁瓣回波出现在1～9 km高度之间,69.1%的旁瓣回波出现在3～6 km高度之间,以4～5 km高度出现次数最多,然后向上、向下减少.据灾情调查报告分析,强降雹发生在旁瓣回波首次出现后的0～42 min内,表明旁瓣回波对强降雹具有一定的临近预警作用.     

Interpreting the transmission windows of distant quasars

We propose the apparent shrinking criterion (ASC) to interpret the spatial extent, R _w, of transmitted flux windows in the absorption spectra of high- z quasars. The ASC can discriminate between the two regimes in which R _w corresponds either to the physical size,   R _{H  ii}   , of the quasar H  ii region or to the distance,   R ^max_w  , at which the transmitted flux drops to  =0.1  and a Gunn–Peterson (GP) trough appears. In the first case [H  ii region (HR) regime], one can determine the intergalactic medium mean H  i fraction,   x _H I  ; in the second [proximity region (PR) regime], the value of R _w allows one to measure the local photoionization rate and the local enhancement of the photoionization rate,  Γ_G  , due to nearby/intervening galaxies. The ASC has been tested against radiative transfer+smoothed particle hydrodynamics numerical simulations, and applied to a sample of 15 high-   z ( z > 5.8  ) quasar spectra. All sample quasars are found to be in the PR regime; hence, their observed spectral properties (inner flux profile, extent of transmission window) cannot reliably constrain the value of   x _{H  i}   . Four sample quasars show evidence for a local enhancement (up to 50 per cent) in the local photoionization rate possibly produced by a galaxy overdensity. We discuss the possible interpretations and uncertainties of this result.     

The non-linear probability distribution function in models with local primordial non-Gaussianity

We use the spherical evolution approximation to investigate non-linear evolution from the non-Gaussian initial conditions characteristic of the local f _nl model. We provide an analytic formula for the non-linearly evolved probability distribution function (PDF) of the dark matter which shows that the underdense tail of the non-linear PDF in the f _nl model should differ significantly from that for Gaussian initial conditions. Measurements of the underdense tail in numerical simulations may be affected by discreteness effects, and we use a Poisson counting model to describe this effect. Once this has been accounted, our model is in good quantitative agreement with the simulations. In principle, our calculation is an important first step in programs which seek to reconstruct the shape of the initial PDF from observations of large-scale structures in the Lyα forest and the galaxy distribution at later times.     

Reflections on the history of research on large wood in rivers

Dynamics and functions of large wood have become integral considerations in the science and management of river systems. Study of large wood in rivers took place as monitoring of fish response to wooden structures placed in rivers in the central United States in the early 20th century, but did not begin in earnest until the 1970s. Research has increased in intensity and thematic scope ever since. A wide range of factors has prompted these research efforts, including basic understanding of stream systems, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems, and environmental hazards in mountain environments. Research and management have adopted perspectives from ecology, geomorphology, and engineering, using observational, experimental, and modelling approaches. Important advances have been made where practical information needs converge with institutional and science leadership capacities to undertake multi-pronged research programmes. Case studies include ecosystem research to inform regulations for forest management; storage and transport of large wood as a component in global carbon dynamics; and the role of wood transport in environmental hazards in mountain regions, including areas affected by severe landscape disturbances, such as volcanic eruptions. As the field of research has advanced, influences of large wood on river structures and processes have been merged with understanding of streamflow and sediment regimes, so river form and function are now viewed as involving the tripartite system of water, sediment, and wood. A growing community of researchers and river managers is extending understanding of large wood in rivers to climatic, forest, landform, and social contexts not previously investigated. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural complexity influences the ecosystem engineering effects of in-stream large wood

Large wood (LW) is an ecosystem engineer and keystone structure in river ecosystems, influencing a range of hydromorphological and ecological processes and contributing to habitat heterogeneity and ecosystem condition. LW is increasingly being used in catchment restoration, but restored LW jams have been observed to differ in physical structure to naturally occurring jams, with potential implications for restoration outcomes. This article examines the structural complexity and ecosystem engineering effects of LW jams at four sites with varying management intensity incorporating natural and restored wood. Our results reveal: (i) structural complexity and volume of jams was highest in the site with natural jams and low intensity riparian management, and lowest in the suburban site with simple restored jams; and (ii) that structural complexity influences the ecosystem engineering role of LW, with more complex jams generating the greatest effects on flow hydraulics (flow concentration, into bed flows) and sediment characteristics (D₅₀, organic content, fine sediment retention) and the simplest flow deflector-style restored jams having the least pronounced effects. We present a conceptual model describing a continuum of increasing jam structural complexity and associated hydromorphological effects that can be used as a basis for positioning and evaluating other sites along the management intensity spectrum to help inform restoration design and best practice.     

Reanalysis of the Historic AFTAC Bolide Infrasound Database

We have recently digitized and partially reanalyzed the historic bolide infrasonic database. These 10 events were originally detected by the U.S. Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) from ∼1960 to 1974. In this paper we present the first preliminary reanalysis results for two of the 10 bolide events, namely the Revelstoke bolide of 3/31/1965 as well as the Prince Edward Islands (P.E.I). S. African bolide of 8/03/1963, which were among the largest bolides detected during this time period. These bolides have been investigated initially since they are most likely to have had a significant effect on the computed global influx rate of ReVelle (Global Infrasonic Monitoring of Large Bolides, pp 483–490, 2001) as indicated in Brown et al. (Nature, 420:314–316, 2002). We are in the process of recomputing all relevant infrasonic propagation quantities such as plane wave back azimuth, signal velocities, power spectra, spectrograms, as well as energy estimates using multiple techniques. In a future paper we will present a complete digital reanalysis of the AFTAC bolide infrasonic data and its final resulting global bolide influx implications.     

直井段偏移对后期定向钻井作业的影响分析

在定向井、水平井钻井过程中,直井段井身质量的控制对后期定向造斜与轨迹控制的影响往往被忽视,国内对定向井、水平井直井段井身质量要求基本是以常规直井的标准为依据,没有重视到直井段位移、井斜和方位对定向施工的影响。对于定向井、水平井来说,直井段偏移不仅对后期轨迹控制、定向施工和完井作业带来危害,同时给油田后续开发中井位的部署带来不利影响,对于平台丛式井直井段偏移可能造成井眼相碰,因此,定向井、水平井直井段控制的好与坏,将会给定向井、水平井的钻（完）井带来很大影响。本文统计分析近年完成的定向井、水平井直井段偏移情况和影响,简述直井段偏移的形成原因,对直井段不同类型偏移造成的影响进行了分析并提出了应对方案。