台风灿鸿造成浙江东北部大暴雨地形作用的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度非静力数值模式WRF V3.6.1对台风灿鸿(1509)进行了高分辨率数值模拟,模式较好地再现了台风灿鸿的发展演变过程和在浙江东北部产生的强降水。观测资料显示台风接近浙江期间,在东北气流下,浙东北地形的摩擦辐合及抬升作用使得大量的对流云团汇集在台风西北侧,对流系统活跃,是浙江东北部产生强降水的重要原因。控制试验也模拟出了在台风接近陆地时,内核区西北侧存在有组织的、切向分布的小尺度对流系统,由地形强迫产生的降雨量和地形走向一致,迎风坡降雨量增加。通过升降地形,改变土地类型和将杭州湾水体用陆地替换等敏感性试验发现:(1)地形的影响对台风降雨量的增幅最为明显。通过降低地形,台风西北侧小尺度雨带明显减弱,浙江东北地区降水也明显减少。可见地形会影响这些中小尺度系统的结构和演变,引起降水异常变化。(2)大暴雨期间,台风一直维持较强的对称性,具有典型的眼墙和暖心结构。     

“海葵”台风(1211号)暴雨雨滴谱特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动气象观测站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及安徽省滁州、黄山山底站地基雨滴谱观测资料,分析了2012年8月8-9日“海葵”台风暴雨过程的降水特征与环流背景,重点分析了该过程前后两个阶段(即台风本体造成的降水阶段与冷空气入侵引发的降水阶段)降水的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:(1)“海葵”台风降水过程中,安徽滁州站和黄山山底站平均谱谱宽都较大,均有6~8 mm的大降水粒子出现;黄山山底站具有更高的雨滴数浓度和较小的雨滴直径。(2)整个降水过程中,滁州站平均谱接近后一阶段的雨滴谱型,而黄山山底站平均谱接近前一阶段的雨滴谱型;不同雨强下两站的雨滴谱谱型基本相似,且随着降水强度增大,谱宽和雨滴数浓度均呈增大趋势。(3)前后两个降水阶段,滁州和黄山山底站表现出不同的滴谱特征。前一阶段,滁州站雨强(R)、雨滴质量加权平均直径(Dm)和标准化数浓度(Nw)的均值均小于黄山山底站;至后一阶段,滁州站的R、Dm明显增大,均大于黄山山底站。(4)从台风本体降水阶段到冷空气入侵降水阶段,滁州站雨滴谱型变化明显,呈现出谱宽由窄变宽且随雨滴直径增大而雨滴数浓度均增大的特点;黄山山底站雨滴谱型差异不大,表现出谱宽由宽变窄、雨滴数浓度随雨滴直径增大先增后减的特点。     

登陆中国大陆、海南和台湾的热带气旋及其相互关系

首先,针对登陆中国热带气旋的登陆地点资料仅为地名的现状,利用1951-2004年西北太平洋热带气旋资料和登陆中国热带气旋资料,研究制定了登陆资料信息化方案.该方案包括海岸线近似、登陆位置计算、其他特征量计算和误差订正4个方面.对资料信息化结果的分析表明:信息化登陆资料效果是良好的.在此基础上,对登陆中国热带气旋的基本气候特征进行研究,重点分析了在大陆、海南和台湾登陆的3类热带气旋以及它们的相互关系.结果表明:登陆热带气旋频繁的地区为台湾东部沿海、福建至雷州半岛沿海和海南东部沿海;台湾东部沿海和浙江沿海部分地区是登陆热带气旋平均强度最大的地区,平均登陆强度达到台风级别,其中台湾南端的平均登陆强度为最强,达到强台风级别;5-11月为热带气旋登陆中国季节,集中期为7-9月,8月最多;登陆热带气旋的强度主要集中在热带低压-台风,尤其以强热带风暴和台风最多.对于全部大陆、海南和台湾三地,50多年来登陆热带气旋频数都存在不同程度的减少趋势,但只有登陆海南热带气旋的减少趋势是显著的;而所有登陆风暴(含以上强度)频数均无明显增多或减少趋势.总体而言,登陆大陆的TC最多、初旋最早、终旋最晚、登陆期最长;登陆海南的TC居中;而登陆台湾的TC最少、初旋最晚、终旋最早、登陆期最短.从登陆方式看,登陆一地的TC最多、登陆两地的TC次之,分别占总数的79.2%和20.6%,仅有1个TC登陆三地.在登陆两地的TC中,经台湾登陆大陆的TC频数最多、强度减弱最快,经海南登陆大陆的TC频数次之、强度减弱较慢,经大陆登陆海南的TC频数排行第3、强度减弱较快.     

地形对台风“海葵”降水增幅影响的研究

使用NCEP GFS资料和WRF V3.4模式对2012年第11号台风"海葵"(1211)引发的安徽强降水过程进行数值模拟,通过改变模式中安徽省大别山区和皖南山区的地形高度,设计一组敏感性试验,对"海葵"降水的地形增幅效应进行研究。结果表明:(1)WRF模式对台风"海葵"降水过程有较好的模拟能力。(2)大别山区和皖南山区地形对"海葵"移动路径、强度以及降水分布、强度均有不同程度的影响;不同地形高度下模拟的台风路径及降水分布差异较大,且降水中心强度与地形高度相关性较好,地形对暴雨增幅作用明显。(3)山区地形有利于中尺度辐合线和低涡生成、发展,并有强水汽辐合中心与之相对应;有地形时对流层低层上升运动比无地形时明显加强,对安徽中南部强降水增幅作用显著。     

台湾岛地形对台风移动路径的作用

本文用一个β平面准地转正压模式实施了九组试验，研究台湾岛地形对台风移动路径的作用。初始场系根据SPECTRUM和TCM-90期间加强观测资料确定。结果表明:台湾岛地形的引进会使台风路径向右偏移；地形使台风环流的最大风速区向台风中心方向推移，造成台风环流空间尺度减小，这个结构的变化是路径右偏的一个可能原因。     

VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION USING WAVELET BACKGROUND ERROR COVARIANCE: INITIALIZATION OF TYPHOON KAEMI (2006)

Background error covariance plays an important role in any variational data assimilation system, because it determines how information from observations is spread in model space and between different model variables. In this paper, the use of orthogonal wavelets in representation of background error covariance over a limited area is studied. Based on the WRF model and its 3D-VAR system, an algorithm using orthogonal wavelets to model background error covariance is developed. Because each wavelet function contains information on both position and scale, using a diagonal correlation matrix in wavelet space gives the possibility to represent some anisotropic and inhomogeneous characteristics of background error covariance. The experiments show that local correlation functions are better modeled than spectral methods. The formulation of wavelet background error covariance is tested with the typhoon Kaemi (2006). The results of experiments indicate that the subsequent forecasts of typhoon Kaemi’s track and intensity are significantly improved by the new method.     

雷达径向风速同化对台风麦莎模拟的影响

本文应用WRF-3DVAR系统同化多普勒雷达径向风速资料,并利用WRF模式对台风麦莎（2005年8月6日00时至7日00时）进行数值模拟,以此检验多普勒雷达径向风速资料在改进模式初始场及提高台风路径和降水预报准确度等方面的应用效果及意义,探讨不同同化时间间隔对同化效果的影响。通过对比同化试验和控制试验发现：雷达径向风速资料能通过调整初始风场结构,改进对台风结构的模拟,从而提高模式对台风麦莎的路径、强度和降水的模拟能力;雷达资料信号在进入模式后有一定的时效性,在一定程度上缩小同化时间间隔有助于提高同化效果。     

2006年“珍珠”台风影响期间福建省降水酸度分布特征分析

利用2006年"珍珠"台风影响福建省期间的酸雨监测资料和新一代天气雷达回波资料,对城市降水酸度分布特征及福州市短时段降水酸度进行分析,结果表明:来自海上的台风降水呈偏碱性;登陆后台风对福建省城市降水酸度的影响与其螺旋雨带上降水云团的移动路径及城市周边污染源分布有关;"珍珠"台风的短时段降水酸度并非保持恒定,对福州市降水酸度的影响会随着台风强度、风场结构的变化及螺旋雨带上降水云团途经下垫面城市大气污染排放状况而发生改变.     

EFFECT OF DRY COLD AIR ACTIVITY ON THE OFFSHORE RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF SUPER TYPHOON SAOMAI (2006): A NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESEARCH

Employing the mesoscale WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model, Super Typhoon Saomai (2006) is simulated. The variation of track and intensity and its offshore rapid intensification process are well demonstrated by the model, and the temperature and humidity patterns associated with the dry cold air activity and their impact on and mechanism of the offshore rapid intensification of Saomai are mainly studied in this paper. The results indicate that high-resolution water vapor imagery can visually reveal the development, evolution, interaction as well as the mutual complementation of the dry cold air activity accompanied with the development of Saomai. The offshore rapid intensification phenomenon of Saomai is closely related to the dry cold air which originates from the upper- and mid- troposphere. Besides, the dry cold air from the upper troposphere is stronger than that from the mid-troposphere. Saomai intensifies as the dry cold air from the northwest moves toward its circulation but weakens when the dry cold air from the southwest is drawn into the storm. Dry cold airflows and their cold advection effect caused by the downward motion across the isentropic surface are favorable to the development of Saomai. The dry cold air always moves along an isentropic surface from the upper troposphere to the mid-troposphere around the typhoon circulation and contributes to Saomai’s abrupt intensity change.     

A STUDY ON VARIABLE QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION USING DOPPLER RADAR DATA

With the pros and cons of the traditional optimization and probability pairing methods thoroughly considered, an improved optimal pairing window probability technique is developed using a dynamic relationship between the base reflectivity Z observed by radar and real time precipitation I by rain gauge. Then, the Doppler radar observations of base reflectivity for typhoons Haitang and Matsa in Wenzhou are employed to establish various Z-I relationships, which are subsequently used to estimate hourly precipitation of the two typhoons. Such estimations are calibrated by variational techniques. The results show that there exist significant differences in the Z-I relationships for the typhoons, leading to different typhoon precipitation efficiencies. The typhoon precipitation estimated by applying radar base reflectivity is capable of exhibiting clearly the spiral rain belts and mesoscale cells, and well matches the observed rainfall. Error statistical analyses indicate that the estimated typhoon precipitation is better with variational calibration than the one without. The variational calibration technique is able to maintain the characteristics of the distribution of radar-estimated typhoon precipitation, and to significantly reduce the error of the estimated precipitation in comparison with the observed rainfall.