RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE STRUCTURE AND INTENSITY CHANGE FOR THE LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES

Landfalling tropical cyclones(LTCs)include those TCs approaching the land and moving across the coast.Structure and intensity change for LTCs include change of the eye wall,spiral rain band,mesoscale vortices,low-layer shear lines and tornadoes in the envelope region of TC,pre-TC squall lines,remote rain bands,core region intensity and extratropical transition(ET)processes,etc.Structure and intensity change of TC are mainly affected by three aspects,namely,environmental effects,inner core dynamics and underlying surface forcing.Structure and intensity change of coastal TCs will be especially affected by seaboard topography,oceanic stratification above the continental shelf and cold dry continental airflow,etc.Rapid changes of TC intensity,including rapid intensification and sudden weakening and dissipation,are the small probability events which are in lack of effective forecasting techniques up to now.Diagnostic analysis and mechanism study will help improve the understanding and prediction of the rapid change phenomena in TCs.     

地形和边界层摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度影响的研究

采用准地转的正压模式, 研究了无非绝热加热时地形和边界层摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度的影响.结果表明: 地形作用对登陆热带气旋西北移动路径的影响比较明显, 而对登陆热带气旋强度的影响不明显; 边界层摩擦可以通过改变热带气旋X方向上和Y方向上的移动速度以及改变热带气旋水平环流结构对登陆热带气旋西北移动路径产生一定的影响, 边界层摩擦对登陆热带气旋强度的影响非常明显, 其中摩擦是造成登陆热带气旋强度迅速减弱的一个重要因素.     

用支持向量机方法做登陆热带气旋站点大风预报

将支持向量机（SVM）回归方法应用于在登陆热带气旋影响下,每天00、06、12、18 UTC 4时次2分钟平均的站点风速预报。从2002-2007年热带气旋本身强度、站点地形情况和站点附近高低空环境场要素,设计相关因子,建立了4种预报模式,其中模式4的风速拟合误差的标准差为1.591 m·s~（-1）。用2008年8个登录热带气旋做独立样本检验,预报风速与实际风速的平均绝对值误差为1.750 m·s~（-1）,标准差为2.367 m·s~（-1）。结果表明,在适当的样本截取和预报因子选取后,SVM方法建模的风速预报48小时内效果较好。     

IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENSO ON LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN CHINA

Interannual variability of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in China during 1960-2010 is investigated.By using the method of partial least squares regression(PLS-regression),canonical ENSO and ENSO Modoki are identified to be the factors that contribute to the interannual variability of landfalling TCs.El Ni o Modoki years are associated with a greater-than-average frequency of landfalling TCs in China,but reversed in canonical El Ni o years.Significant difference in genesis locations of landfalling TCs in China for the two kinds of El Ni o phases occurs dominantly in the northern tropical western North Pacific(WNP).The patterns of low-level circulation anomalies and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) anomalies associated with landfalling TC genesis with different types of El Ni o phases are examined.During canonical El Ni o years,a broad zonal band of positive OLR anomalies dominates the tropical WNP,while the circulation anomalies exhibit a meridionally symmetrical dipole pattern with an anticyclonic anomaly in the subtropics and a cyclonic anomaly near the tropics.In El Ni o Modoki years,a vast region of negative OLR anomalies,roughly to the south of 25°N with a strong large-scale cyclonic anomaly over the tropical WNP,provides a more favorable condition for landfalling TC genesis compared to its counterpart during canonical El Ni o years.For more landfalling TCs formed in the northern tropical WNP in El Ni o Modoki years,there are more TCs making landfall on the northern coast of China in El Ni o Modoki years than in canonical El Ni o years.The number of landfalling TCs is slightly above normal in canonical La Ni a years.Enhanced convection is found in the South China Sea(SCS) and the west of the tropical WNP,which results in landfalling TCs forming more westward in canonical La Ni a years.During La Ni a Modoki years,the landfalling TC frequency are below normal,owing to an unfavorable condition for TC genesis persisting in a broad zonal band from 5°N to 25°N.Since the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) in La Ni a Modoki years is located in the westernmost region,TCs mainly make landfall on the south coast of China.     

A Time Neighborhood Method for the Verification of Landfalling Typhoon Track Forecast

Landfalling typhoons can cause disasters over large regions. The government and emergency responders need to take measures to mitigate disasters according to the forecast of landfall position, while slight timing error can be ignored. The reliability of operational model forecasts of typhoon landfall position needs to be evaluated beforehand, according to the forecasts and observation of historical cases. In the evaluation of landfalling typhoon track, the traditional method based on point-to-po...     

海基观测资料在改进南海台风强度分析中的应用

探讨了一种利用海岛自动站、石油平台站、海洋气象浮标观测站、船载自动气象站等在内的海基观测资料来改进南海热带气旋强度分析的客观估计方案,并利用该方案对近几年（2013—2016年）出现在南海海域的18个热带气旋强度进行了分析。结果表明：该方案的估计误差与基于卫星遥感资料分析得到的结果水平相当,其估计效果与热带气旋的自身强度和有效样本数量有关,同时是否有观测样本位于热带气旋最大风速半径内也会影响估计的准确性。在传统基于卫星遥感资料对热带气旋强度主客观分析出现不一致时,利用海基观测来估计台风的强度可以作为一种补充方案来提高强度分析的可靠性。     

The T-TREC Technique for Retrieving the Winds of Landfalling Typhoons in China

In this study, an extension of the TREC (Tracking Radar Echo by Correlations) technique, named Tropical Cyclone (TC) circulation TREC (T-TREC), is developed to retrieve the winds of landfalling typhoons in China. The T-TREC analysis is performed on a polar grid centered at the TC center, using arc-shaped correlation cells and an arc-shaped search area. The search for the best correlation match is confined along the cyclonic direction with a limited search distance in the radial direction based on the cyclonic circulation characteristics of TCs in the Northern Hemisphere. The TC center is determined objectively using reflectivity data while the Doppler radar radial velocities are incorporated to estimate the search range and create a velocity correlation matrix as auxiliary constraints.     

Landfalling tropical cyclones on the Pacific coast of Mexico: 1850-2010

Historical documents and newspapers from Mexican Pacific states (north of 14° N) were reviewed to determine the incidence of landfalling tropical cyclones from 1850 to 1949, prior to the start of the United States National Hurricane Center database. The reviewed documents are only found in Mexican repositories at national, state and municipal level and the systematic search embarked upon in this study yielded valuable information that cannot be found elsewhere. Atime series of landfall was reconstructed back to 1850, indicating active and quiet periods. An average of 1.8 ± 1.6 landfalls per year is determined from the time series for 1850-2010. When the series is limited to 1880-2010, eliminating the first 30 years that may have some undercounting, the average increases to 2.1 ± 1.6 cases per year. Spectral and wavelet analysis of the 161 years of landfalling tropical cyclones indicates that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modulates the activity. The influence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the landfall frequency may be present throughout the reconstruction period but both oscillations have lower correlations compared to that from the PDO.     

登陆中国热带气旋入海强度变化的统计特征

利用1949—2006年热带气旋资料分析登陆中国又入海的热带气旋(LSTC)的强度变化,重点给出明显加强的LSTC(RLSTC)发生频率、时空分布、路径及强度演变特征。主要结论:(1)LSTC入海有24%加强,主要在我国海域,也有少部分进入朝鲜海峡、日本海和鄂霍次克海加强;登陆大陆入海加强的比率明显高于登陆台湾或登陆海南的比率。(2)RLSTC年平均有0.7个,逐年代减少,8月最多。(3)中心最低气压和最大风速加强最强的月份分别在8月和10月、加强最强的海域分别在南海和东黄海。(4)登陆时强度为强热带风暴的最多;其路径除了移向稳定者外,在南海和北部湾还有迂回盘转式。(5)明显加强主要发生在入海时刻,很少持续明显加强。进入东黄海的RLSTC以最大风速先于中心气压变化或仅有风速加强的情况居多,进入南海、北部湾入海后的风速、气压基本同步加强,迂回路径可在入海后72～132小时还会加强。     

孟加拉湾风暴时空分布和活动规律统计特征

利用1945-2006年JTWC公布的孟加拉湾风暴资料,对其进行统计分析.结果表明:孟加拉湾热带气旋(下称孟湾TC)生成个数年平均约为8.12个,全年均有发生,其中2～3月最少,之后开始增加,10月达到峰值;与孟湾TC不同,孟加拉湾热带风暴(下称孟湾TS)呈双峰型分布,峰值为5月和9～10月.从孟湾TS的强度上看,达到H4标准的超级强风暴1971-1986年仅出现1次,而1987-2006年则出现了8次.孟湾TS生成位置、平均维持时间和最长维持时间的月际变化均呈双峰型分布,4～5月和10～11月为峰值.孟湾TS的生成位置10～11月峰值大于4～5月,而平均维持时间和最长维持时间则是4～5月峰值大于10～11月.孟湾TC登陆方向大部分为西北或偏西路径,占56.7%.孟湾TS登陆方向与TC有一些不同,主要差异是西北路径和未登陆次数减少,偏西和东北路径增加.由于4～5月是孟湾TS东北路径登陆的一个峰值,因此,与云南雨季开始期关系密切,对云南初夏降水影响很大.