我国热带气旋登陆时间日变化特征分析

利用1949～1999年<热带气旋年鉴>所给出的有关资料,分析了热带气旋登陆我国时间的变化特征.结果显示登陆时间具有某些日变化特征.就全国而言,登陆时间在夜晚和上午时段的出现频率较大,凌晨04～07时和下午13～18时出现频率较小.这一出现频率的日变化分布特征在广东表现得最为明显,登陆我国其它地区的时间日变化不明显.分析表明,较弱的热带气旋、登陆过程中强度减弱的热带气旋的登陆时间具有显著的日变化特征.     

广东省登陆热带气旋活动异常成因分析

利用1970～2001年热带气旋年鉴资料，对32年来西太平洋热带气旋登陆我国的频率、位置、维持、衰减、变性、加强及消亡等进行统计分析，揭示热带气旋登陆活动的一些事实和特征。研究表明：在我国沿海不同地区(不包括岛屿)登陆的热带气旋，其陆上维持时间明显不同，从广西至浙江，维持时间向北增加；热带气旋登陆后的明显衰减主要发生在登陆后12小时内，登陆时越强的热带气旋，衰减得越厉害；热带气旋在我国陆上消失的位置最北是黑龙江、最西可至云南，广西是登陆我国热带气旋消失数最多的地区。     

“黄蜂”登陆过程中路径变化的可能成因分析

借助时间分辨率为6分钟的新一代多普勒雷达回波、卫星资料和常规观测资料对"黄蜂"在登陆过程中路径变化的情况进行了分析.主要是从雷达回波和卫星观测到的强水汽对流相对于风暴中心的分布,并运用包含非绝热加热作用的全型涡度方程,讨论对流潜热导致的涡度增加及涡度平流对风暴移速、移向的影响作用,解释了登陆过程中三个阶段路径变化的可能原因.认为:(1)登陆前阶段,由于强水汽对流在中心的东北到北侧,造成向西北方向的正涡度平流,从而这一阶段有相对较大向西移动分量,并且移速较快;(2)登陆阶段,前3小时,强水汽对流主要位于中心的西侧,因而有向南移动分量,后3小时,强水汽对流主要位于中心的南侧,因而有向东的移动分量,所以这个阶段风暴减速运动,并且前3小时继续向西北方向移动,而后3小时转为偏北方向;(3)登陆后阶段,由于风暴迅速减弱,强对流仅在东南-西北向区域短暂维持,风暴有向西北前方强对流区加速的趋向运动,因而在登陆后,"黄蜂"表现为西北向的加速运动.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of storms and their activities over the Bay of Bengal

By statistically analyzing the storm data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) over the Bengal Bay during the period 1945-2006,it is found that the yearly averaged tropical cyclone(TC) number over the Bay of Bengal is 8.12,which takes place in any month of the whole year;February and March have the fewest TC numbers.The TC numbers begin to increase starting in April and arrive at a peak in October.Differing from TC over the Bay of Bengal,the tropical storms(TS) over the Bay of Bengal has two peak periods,appear in May and in October or November,respectively.With regard to TS intensity,the super severe storm of H4 criterion appeared only one time during the period 1971-1986,but appeared eight times during the period 1987-2006.The monthly change of the original position,the averaged maintaining time,and the longest maintaining time of TS also have two peak values:They appear in April or May and in October or November,respectively.The peak value of the original position in October or November is bigger than that in April or May.The peak value of the average maintaining time and the longest main-taining time of the TS in April or May is bigger than that in October or November.TC landfall path is mostly moving toward northwest or west and accounts for 56.7 percent.The landfall path of the TS differs from that of TC in some respects.The main difference is that the numbers of the northwestern path and un-landfall of TS are less than those for TC,and the numbers of the western path and northeastern path of TS are greater than for TC.Because of the landfall TS in the north-east path has a peak,it and the beginning of the rainy season in Yunnan Province are closely related;it is on Yunnan Province’s early summer precipita-tion that they have a great impact.     

山地灾害概念之我见

山地灾害－词应用广泛,但目前对其含义的理解因人而异。本文讨论了山地灾害的概念及其分类。山地水土灾害是山地灾害的一个类型,包括坡面土壤侵蚀,泥石流,滑坡和崩塌等灾种。     

1957-2004年影响我国的强热带气旋频数和强度变化

以中国气象局西北太平洋热带气旋资料为基础,分析1957-2004年影响我国并达到台风强度以上的三类热带气旋,即生成热带气旋、影响热带气旋和登陆热带气旋的频数和强度的变化。结果表明：强热带气旋频数在1957-2004年间呈显著减少趋势,强度越强,其减少趋势越明显。近50 a台风以上强度的强热带气旋频次占总频次的比例没有明显的增加或减少趋势,强台风和超强台风比例呈减少趋势。1957-2004年热带气旋的最大强度呈线性减弱趋势,生成热带气旋和影响热带气旋的平均强度亦呈减弱趋势,登陆台风的平均强度也呈减弱趋势。     

强台风"云娜"登陆过程的研究——基于AREM模式的数值分析

使用新改进的双重嵌套AREM数值预报模式,并与高时空分辨率的探测资料相结合,针对台风“云娜”登陆加强的特点进行数值模拟分析,结果表明该模式对“云娜”台风环流特征、强度变化趋势和台风降雨等都有较强的预报能力。在此基础上,定量研究其登陆加强过程中三维大气中尺度场动、热力特征及演变过程,并探讨了其登陆加强的机理。由此得出了与“云娜”登陆加强相关的重要影响因子:(1)副热带高压西南侧的偏东引导气流加强是“云娜”登陆前移速加快、强度增强的有利环境场条件。(2)“云娜”近海移速加快时有较强的东密西疏的不对称流场结构,特别是其垂直速度场以及强对流发展的水平分布的强不对称特征与该气旋登陆加强同时发生,也可能与台风强度维持和加强存在一定的相关。(3)在“云娜”中心西南侧的强凝结潜热释放过程,有可能助其在登陆时加强。此外,在“云娜”发展加强阶段,低层暖湿、中层干冷的位势不稳定层结,有利于对流的强盛发展。(4)“云娜”登陆前后有强低空急流与之联结,并有垂直对流运动发展,由此可获得不断增强的潜热能量是其登陆加强的另一个重要机制。     

Growing Threat of Rapidly-Intensifying Tropical Cyclones in East Asia

This study examines the long-term change in the threat of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in East Asia over the period 1975–2020 with a focus on rapidly intensifying(RI) TCs. The increase in the annual number of RI-TCs over the western North Pacific and the northwestward shift of their genesis location lead to an increasing trend in the annual number of landfalling RI-TCs along the coast of East Asia. The annual power dissipation index(PDI), a measure of the destructive potential of RI-TCs at landfall, also shows a significant increasing trend due to increases in the annual frequency and mean landfall intensity of landfalling RI-TCs. The increase in mean landfall intensity is related to a higher lifetime maximum intensity(LMI) and the LMI location of the landfalling RI-TCs being closer to the coast. The increase in the annual PDI of East Asia is mainly associated with landfalling TCs in the southern(the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam) and northern parts(Japan and the Korean Peninsula) of East Asia due to long-term changes in vertical wind shear and TC heat potential. The former leads to a northwestward shift of favorable environments for TC genesis and intensification, resulting in the northwestward shift in the genesis, RI, and LMI locations of RI-TCs. The latter provides more heat energy from the ocean for TC intensification, increasing its chances to undergo RI.     

2020年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

利用中央气象台台风实时业务定位资料和地面气象观测资料对2020年西北太平洋和南海的台风活动主要特征以及主要影响我国的台风路径、强度及风雨情况进行了统计分析。2020年西北太平洋和南海共有23个台风生成,较多年平均值（27.0个）偏少4.0个;有5个台风登陆我国,较多年平均值（7.0个）偏少2.0个。2020年台风活动的主要特征有：台风生成源地明显偏西;生成总数偏少,极值强度偏弱;7月“空台”,是1949年以来历史首次;8月台风活跃,出现多个近海快速增强的台风;8月下旬至9月上旬,3个台风连续北上影响我国东北地区,历史罕见;10月生成的台风个数较常年偏多,先后影响我国南海或中南半岛。     

A COMPOSITE STUDY OF RAINFALL ASYMMETRY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AFTER MAKING LANDFALL IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

Based on observed rainfall data, this study makes a composite analysis of rainfall asymmetry in tropical cyclones(TCs) after making landfall in Guangdong province(GD) during 1998—2015. There are 3.0 TCs per year on average making landfall in GD and west of GD(WGD) has the most landfall TCs. Most of TCs make landfall in June,July, August, and September at the intensities of TY, STS, and TS. On average, there is more rainfall in the southwest quadrant of TC in CGD(center of GD), WGD, and GD as a whole, and the maximum rainfall is located in the southwest near the TC center. The mean TC rainfall in the east of GD(EGD) leans to the eastern side of TC. The TC rainfall distributions in June, July, August, and September all lean to the southwest quadrant and the maximum rainfall is located in the southwest near the TC center. The same features are found in the mean rainfall of TD, TS, STS, TY,and STY. The maximum rainfall is mainly in the downshear of vertical wind shear. Vertical wind shear is probably the dominate factor that determines asymmetric rainfall distribution of TCs in GD. Storm motion has little connection with TC rainfall asymmetry in GD.