Importance of Air-Sea Coupling in Simulating Tropical Cyclone Intensity at Landfall

An atmosphere-only model system for making seasonal prediction and projecting future intensities of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast is upgraded by including ocean and wave models. A total of 642 TCs have been re-simulated using the new system to produce a climatology of TC intensity in the South China Sea. Detailed comparisons of the simulations from the atmosphere-only and the fully coupled systems reveal that the inclusion of the additional ocean and wave models enable differential sea surface temperature responses to various TC characteristics such as translational speed and size. In particular, interaction with the ocean does not necessarily imply a weakening of the TC, with the coastal bathymetry possibly playing a role in causing a near-shore intensification of the TC. These results suggest that to simulate the evolution of TC structure more accurately, it is essential to use an air-sea coupled model instead of an atmosphere-only model.     

三个登陆浙江热带气旋数值试验及暴雨过程的湿位涡分析

首先利用非静力平衡中尺度数值模式MM5(V3)对2004年3个登陆浙江热带气旋的登陆过程进行了数值模拟试验,通过对路径、降水的对比验证表明,MM5模式对热带气旋的模拟是比较成功的。然后在模拟效果较好的基础上,利用高分辨的模拟结果,对台风暴雨过程的湿位涡进行了诊断分析,结果表明:3场台风暴雨的形成机制有显著差异,Rananim强降水是由其本身环流造成的,至于Mindulle和Haima的降水冷空气的侵入起到了重要作用。暴雨都发生在陡立密集区附近,对流层低层湿位涡负值中心与暴雨落区存在较好的对应关系,而其中心数值绝对值随时间的变化量与1h降水存在正相关关系,说明湿位涡负值中心可以作为降水时空分布的重要指标,为台风暴雨预报提供一种思路。     

8807号登陆台风的数值研究：内核结构及能量水汽收支

使用PSU/NCAR研制的非静力中尺度模式MM5对登陆后维持较久的典型个例8807号台风(Bill)进行了数值模拟。模拟采用了网格距分别为18和6 km的两重双向嵌套网格。通过给定初始涡旋和选择合适的物理过程,模式不仅比较好地模拟了Bill的强度变化过程,而且再现了风暴的移动轨迹,对降水量的模拟也相当成功。文中利用细网格的模拟结果,分析台风登陆前后的内核结构特征和能量水汽收支,揭示Bill登陆后维持较久的可能原因。分析表明,Bill台风登陆后出现了中低层的稳定度特别是湿稳定度显著加大、表面热通量和水汽通量明显减小、摩擦耗散的动能显著增加等不利于台风维持的特征。但是台风登陆后眼墙结构长时间维持,在登陆初欺眼墙区的上升气流乃至较登陆前更强;台风登陆后通过低层辐合获得了大量水汽,眼墙区强劲的上升运动将低层辐合的水汽向中上层输送,在眼墙附近凝结产生大量的非绝热加热;非绝热加热不仅增暖气柱、增加位能还影响位能向动能的转换,虽然台风登陆后陆面摩擦显著加大,但气压梯度力所做的正功足以补偿摩擦耗散的动能,因而Bill能在登陆后长时间维持。     

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON TROPICAL CYCLONES LANDFALL IN CHINA

With the data from the Tropical Cyclone Yearbooks between 1970 and 2001, statistical analyses were performed to study the climatic features of landfall TCs (noted as TCs hereafter) in China with particular attention focused on landfall frequency, locations, sustaining, decaying, transition, intensification and dissipation etc. The results indicate that the sustaining periods of TC over land are quite different for different landfall spots, and increased from Guangxi to Zhejiang. The most obvious decreasing of TC intensity occurs mainly within 12 hours after landfall. The stronger a TC is，the more it decays. The areas over which TCs are dissipated can be in Heilongjiang, the northernmost, and Yunnan, the westernmost. Besides, Guangxi is an area with high dissipating rate and subject to TC dissipation as compared with the other coastal regions.     

Relationship between equatorial pressure oscillations and tropical cyclones landing over China

With daily reanalysis data by NCEP/NCAR and data of tropical cyclones landing over China from 1949 to 2005, the variation of low-frequency oscillations of equatorial pressure and their relationship with tropical cyclones landing over China in the summer half of the years (June through October) are studied for the 57 years, using spectral analysis and correlation analysis. The results show that the summertime equatorial pressure is mainly of periodic oscillations of 5―7 days and 10―30 days and the interannual variation of the intensity of its quasi-biweekly oscillation is significantly positive correlation with the number of tropical cyclones landing over China. The quasi-biweekly oscillation is filtered from daily equatorial pressure in May―November over the 57 years with inverse wavelet transform and the probability for tropical cyclones landing on coastal China within four days before and after the oscillatory valleys of quasi-biweekly pressure at the equator is 59.7% and 73.0% for June to October and July to September respectively. The model of atmospheric circulation for quasi-biweekly oscillatory valleys of equatorial pressure in association with or without tropical cyclones landing over China in July―September is set up with the composite analysis method. When the valleys are associated with (without) landfall, zonal (meridional) circulation prevails in the mid and high latitudes of the Eastern Hemisphere, the high pressure ridge is weak (strong) near the Sea of Okhotsk, the westerly zone is northward (southward), the subtropical high is westward (eastward) in location and strong (weak) in intensity, the cross-equatorial flow is strong (weak) in southeast Asia, Southwest Monsoon is strong (weak) and stronger (weaker) while in the valleys of pressure, being favorable (unfavorable) for tropical cyclones landing over China. The atmospheric circulation model for oscillatory valleys of biweekly equatorial pressure in association with (without) tropical cyclones landing over China, which can reflect the difference of atmospheric circulation between them, is beneficial to medium-term forecasts of tropical cyclones landing over China.     

陆地摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度影响的模拟研究

采用准地转正压涡度方程模式，对地形强迫和陆地摩擦作用下登陆热带气旋的路径和强度进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明：在考虑地形摩擦耗散作用时，热带气旋可能出现路径的突然偏折；在热带气旋强度比较弱而陆地摩擦作用比较强的情况下，热带气旋路径容易发生突然偏折，且其强度的突然变化不明显；陆地摩擦作用可能是造成登陆前后热带气旋路径突然偏折的一个重要因素。     

A Climatology Model for Forecasting Typhoon Rainfall in Taiwan

The continuous torrential rain associated with a typhoon often caused flood, landslide or debris flow, leading to serious damages to Taiwan. Thus, a usable scheme to forecast rainfall amount during a typhoon period is highly desired. An analysis using hourly rainfall amounts taken at 371 stations during 1989–2001 showed that the topographical lifting of typhoon circulation played an important role in producing heavier rainfall. A climatology model for typhoon rainfall, which considered the topographical lifting and the variations of rain rate with radius was then developed. The model could provide hourly rainfall at any station or any river basin for a given typhoon center. The cumulative rainfall along the forecasted typhoon track was also available. The results showed that the R² value between the model estimated and the observed cumulative rainfall during the typhoon period for the Dan-Shui (DSH) and Kao-Ping (KPS) River Basins reached 0.70 and 0.81, respectively. The R² values decreased slightly to 0.69 and 0.73 if individual stations were considered. However, the values decreased significantly to 0.40 and 0.51 for 3-hourly rainfalls, indicating the strong influence of the transient features in producing the heavier rainfall. In addition, the climatology model can only provide the average conditions. The characteristics in individual typhoons should be considered when applying the model in real-time operation. For example, the model could give reasonable cumulative rainfall amount at DSH before Nakri (2002) made landfall on Taiwan, but overestimated the rainfall after Nakri made landfall and weakened with significant reduction in convection.     

2018年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

2018年共有29个台风在西北太平洋和南海生成,生成台风个数偏多,南海台风活跃。有10个台风登陆我国,登陆强度整体明显偏弱,但是登陆台风个数明显偏多、登陆时间集中、登陆地段偏北、北上台风偏多,造成台风降水范围广、暴雨强度大、超警河流多。其中,“安比”、“摩羯”、“温比亚”一个月内相继在华东地区登陆并深入内陆北上,且登陆后长时间维持热带风暴级强度,给华东、华北、东北等地区带来大范围强降雨。“艾云尼”移动缓慢,与西南季风环流相结合,给广东等地区造成长时间的持续强降水。“山竹”是2018年登陆我国最强台风,其7级风圈明显偏大,给广东、香港等地区带来大范围、长时间的强风和强降水。2018年所有预报时效的路径预报误差较2017年均有所降低,路径预报水平进一步提高,但是强度预报水平仍然没有明显的进步。     

基于风雨影响评估的深圳市热带气旋数据库系统

风雨影响评估是热带气旋预报预警服务中的一项重要工作,而热带气旋风雨影响的历史气候数据是支撑这一工作的重要依据。以深圳为例,提出了建立热带气旋数据库系统的技术思路,该系统实现了以下几种功能:1)热带气旋数据的后台自动入库;2)关键区和相似离度相结合的相似台风的自动检索和风雨影响分析;3)直观展示广东沿海各市登陆的热带气旋的风雨影响气候概况;4)热带气旋风雨影响等级的自动提示。通过该系统,预报员可以高效、快速地查询历史相似路径或相同登陆点的热带气旋风雨影响情况,从而为分析当前热带气旋可能造成的风雨影响评估提供参考依据。     

台风“利奇马”与“云娜”对浙江风雨影响的对比分析

利用浙江省自动站气象要素资料、FNL全球分析资料和雷达资料,对比分析路径相似的2019年台风"利奇马"和2004年台风"云娜"给浙江带来的影响。结果表明:"利奇马"风雨大值区位于浙东和浙北,"云娜"风雨大值区位于浙东和浙南;"利奇马"带来的整体降水比"云娜"带来的降水大,但单站雨量极值"云娜"强于"利奇马";极端大风"利奇马"强于"云娜"。究其原因与台风登陆时的强度、登陆后移动路径、滞留时间等有很大关系。环境场的不同对台风路径产生影响,也影响台风的不对称结构,进而影响台风带来的风雨分布。极端降水与降水条件和台风滞留时间有很大关系,极端大风与台风自身结构和强度、海岛位置有关。