Estimation of Nash's IUH parameters using stochastic search algorithms

In rainfall–runoff studies, it is often necessary to change the duration of a given unit hydrograph. Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) is an ideal method that eliminates the hydrograph duration. This paper presents the results of the application of search algorithms, namely a genetic algorithm and hill climbing, to develop the IUH that minimizes the error between the observed and generated hydrographs. Also the performance of these methods has been compared with that of the classical method used for estimation of IUH, namely the method of moments. The genetic algorithm is a popular search procedure for function optimization that applies the mechanics of natural genetics and natural selection to explore a given search space. Hill climbing is an optimization technique that belongs to the family of local search and algorithms can be used to solve problems that have many solutions, with some solutions better than others. The results obtained from both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing algorithm for estimation of Nash's IUH parameters were compared with the results obtained by the method of moments for storms from two river basins that are located in different climatic regions. It was found that both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing provided improved and consistent results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectral analysis of water vapour in cool stars

M-star spectra, at wavelengths beyond 1.35 μm, are dominated by water vapour, yet terrestrial water vapour makes it notoriously difficult to obtain accurate measurement from ground-based observations. We have used the short-wavelength spectrometer on the Infrared Space Observatory at four wavelength settings to cover the  2.5–3.0 μm  region for a range of M stars. The observations show a good match with previous ground-based observations and with synthetic spectra based on the Partridge & Schwenke line list, although not with the SCAN line list. We have used a least-squared minimization technique to systematically find best-fitting parameters for the sample of stars. The temperatures that we find indicate a relatively hot temperature scale for M dwarfs. We consider that this could be a consequence of problems with the Partridge & Schwenke line list which leads to synthetic spectra predicting water bands that are too strong for a given temperature. Such problems need to be solved in the next generation of water vapour line lists, which will extend the calculation of water vapour to higher energy levels with the good convergence necessary for reliable modelling of hot water vapour. Then water bands can assume their natural role as the primary tool for the spectroscopic analysis of M stars.     

不同高径比时软岩强度与变形尺寸效应试验研究

以直径20~50 mm,高径比为2︰1的粉砂岩、花岗岩和大理岩为研究对象,探讨尺寸变化和岩性对岩样应力-应变曲线、破坏、单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比的影响,并分析产生尺寸效应的原因。试验结果表明,随着尺寸的增大：3种岩样的应力-应变曲线吻合度逐渐增强;粉砂岩及大理岩的破坏形式由单斜面剪切破坏向X状共轭斜面剪切破坏发展,花岗岩主要以X状共轭斜面剪切破坏为主,破坏程度均逐渐增大;3种岩样的单轴抗压强度与弹性模量整体呈增大的趋势,且在直径20~30 mm之间增幅较大,30~50 mm之间增幅较小;不同岩样的破坏形式大致相同,但应力-应变曲线离散性、峰值后应力-应变曲线特征、破坏程度有所差别。泊松比无明确尺寸效应特征,使用电阻应变片式的局部测量方式并不能很好地反应岩石试件的变形特征。产生尺寸效应的主要原因为岩样本身的不均质性,其次为端部效应。     

Correlations among the properties of galaxies found in a blind H i survey, which also have SDSS optical data

We have used the Parkes Multibeam system and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to assemble a sample of 195 galaxies selected originally from their H  i signature to avoid biases against unevolved or low surface brightness objects. For each source nine intrinsic properties are measured homogeneously, as well as inclination and an optical spectrum. The sample, which should be almost entirely free of either misidentification or confusion, includes a wide diversity of galaxies ranging from inchoate, low surface brightness dwarfs to giant spirals. Despite this diversity there are five clear correlations among their properties. They include a common dynamical mass-to-light ratio within their optical radii, a correlation between surface brightness and luminosity and a common H  i surface density. Such correlation should provide strong constrains on models of galaxy formation and evolution.     

Brittle Rock Failure in the Steg Lateral Adit of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel

Summary  During the crossing of brittle rock formations at the L?tschberg base tunnel, failure phenomena have been observed both at the tunnel face and at the walls. A detailed analysis has been undertaken to explain these behaviours, based on the recent developments of Canadian research on brittle failure mechanisms. At the tunnel walls, a very good agreement is found between the calculated and observed damage and between two prediction methods, i.e. a semi-empirical failure criterion and elastic calculations with the “brittle Hoek-Brown parameters.” Near the face, due to the 3D nature of the stress conditions, some limitations of these approaches have been highlighted, and the growth of wall failure has been analysed. This research allowed a better understanding of the brittle rock mass behaviour at the L?tschberg base tunnel and showed that brittle failure processes dominate the behaviour of deep, highly stressed excavations in massive to moderately jointed rock. It also illustrates where improvements to the adopted approaches are required.     

GPS广播星历参数拟合算法

介绍了GPS广播星历参数的最小二乘估计方法。推导了相应的计算公式。计算结果表明。文中给出的公式是正确的，其拟合精度以用户距离误差(URE)示时，对预报轨道的损失小于1cm。     

西南某岩溶区地下水系统示踪试验与解析

以西南某典型岩溶区为例,解析示踪试验在岩溶管道连通性以及获取水文地质参数中的应用。选择落水洞为投放点,分别从落水洞西侧和东侧寻找地下水出露点作为接收点,判别落水洞地下径流的实际去向以及落水洞与接收点之间的水力联系。结合Qtracer2软件对示踪试验成果进行定量解析,确定示踪剂回收率、地下水平均流速、最快流速,估算出岩溶管道结构特征和水文地质参数。结果表明：落水洞与接收点JS01、JS03之间不存在直接水力联系;落水洞与接收点JS02存在水力联系且岩溶管道极为发育,含水介质不均匀,地下水运移路径较为通畅,为典型的紊流流态;落水洞地下径流的主要方向是由西向东,但在丰水期雨量较大期间,接收点JS04能够接收到荧光素钠,说明丰水期水位上涨后两者间会有水力联系,导致部分水量向落水洞西侧排泄。     

宁夏及邻区地震震源衰减模型及震源参数研究

选取2003年1月至2011年12月宁夏及邻区发生的201个M_L2.0以上地震事件进行反演, 用经验格林函数计算得到本区地震震源谱衰减模型。 在已知非弹性衰减系数和场地响应的条件下, 计算得到震源谱并研究了近震震级与拐角频率、 地震矩、 震源破裂半径及应力降之间的关系。 详细分析了震源参数误差大小及各种误差影响因素。 对剩余应力降时空演化特征分析研究结果表明: 高剩余应力降集中分布在宁夏北部宁蒙交界地区、 低剩余应力降分布在宁夏中部同心、 中卫一带, 银川盆地中南部的吴灵地区和宁夏南部海原断裂带中东段剩余应力降变化较为明显, 在时间分布上这两个区域剩余应力降在中强地震前均有降低—增强的趋势。