一种基于植被指数-地表温度特征空间的蒸散指数

利用遥感获取的植被指数和地表温度信息,进行地表能量和水分平衡过程研究是目前陆表过程研究的前沿。根据地表能量和水分平衡原理,对地表温度(Ts)、植被指数(VI),地表蒸散发(ET)之间的空间关系进行了分析,并基于假设条件,构建了温度植被蒸散指数(TVETI)。为验证TVETI表征地表蒸散的能力,利用环境卫星数据和SEBAL模型,对SEBAL模型中各能量通量构建的蒸散指数与TVETI进行线性回归分析,从2012年4~9月6个不同日期的确定性系数分别为:0.838、0.935、0.912、0.921、0.926、0.825, TVETI能很好的表征地表蒸散能力。通过对SEBAL模型估算的ET和TVETI估算的ET进行交叉验证发现,两者大小一致性显著, TVETI可以实现区域尺度地表蒸散发的快速估算。     

Measuring drop size distribution and kinetic energy of rainfall using a force transducer

The relatively high cost of commercially available raindrop spectrometers and disdrometers has inhibited detailed and intensive research on drop size distribution, kinetic energy and momentum of rainfall which are important for understanding and modelling soil erosion caused by raindrop detachment. In this study, an approach to find the drop size distribution, momentum and kinetic energy of rainfall using a relatively inexpensive device that uses a piezoelectric force transducer for sensing raindrop impact response is introduced. The instrument continuously and automatically records, on a time‐scale, the amplitude of electrical pulses produced by the impact of raindrops on the surface of the transducer. The size distribution of the raindrops and their respective kinetic energy are calculated by analysing the number and amplitude of pulses recorded, and from the measured volume of total rainfall using a calibration curve. Simultaneous measurements of the instrument, a rain gauge and a dye‐stain method were used to assess the performance of the instrument. Test results from natural and simulated rainfalls are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于消费责任制的碳排放核算及全球环境压力

因区域间贸易而转移的碳排放对于全球各个国家或者地区的碳排放核算及其减排责任划分具有重要而深远的影响。通过构建多区域投入产出分析模型和基于扩展的STIRPAT模型,本文核算了全球39个主要国家基于消费责任制的碳排放,并在此基础上深入探讨了全球环境压力的影响因素问题。研究发现：首先,从以净流出为主的中国和俄罗斯来看,尽管贸易给这些地区带来了大量的资源,但随之会产生严重的区域生态环境问题。而对于美国和欧盟等地区来说,这些国家或者地区通过全球贸易规避了大量的碳减排责任。此外,在全球贸易中,区域净流出的贸易隐含碳排放越小,基于消费责任制核算的区域碳排放量就越大,故而在全球减排目标分配中承担的减排任务也需相应地增加。全球贸易隐含碳排放净流出量较大的地区主要位于亚洲和东欧等地,而净流出量最小的地区主要是以西欧和北美等高度发达的经济体为主。其次,就基于消费责任制核算下的全球环境压力而言,人口因素和富裕程度是导致全球环境压力不断增加的两个重要因素,而提高生产技术水平以及逐渐提高清洁能源在总能源消费中的比重是推动全球节能减排、缓解全球环境压力的有效途径。     

1999—2009年新疆能源消费碳排放的因素分解及实证研究

从影响因素角度用LMDI分解方法对新疆1999—2009年的碳排放进行研究。结果表明:能源结构和能源强度对新疆人均碳排放增长起抑制效应,且能源强度的抑制效应大于能源结构的抑制效应;产业规模和人口规模对新疆人均碳排放增长起拉动效应,且产业规模的拉动效应大于人口规模的拉动效应。能源强度和能源结构的抑制效应难以抵消由产业规模和人口规模拉动的新疆人均碳排放的增长。在实证研究结果的基础上提出了相应的政策建议。     

Influence of vegetation canopies on solar potential in urban environments

Solar energy is clearly a promising option among the many available sources of renewable energy, and its market has seen outstanding growth. Careful evaluation to determine suitable locations for photovoltaic installations is needed, however, as their efficiency is highly dependent on exposure to sun. Especially in urban environments, quantifying the shadows cast by other buildings and vegetation canopies may be essential. In the present study, we used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the influence of shading vegetation on solar irradiation estimates in five European towns. The fraction of annual solar irradiation lost to shading by existing vegetation ranged between 3% and 11%. The fraction lost was higher in winter and lower in summer. Due to greater incoming solar radiation in summer, however, more than 50% of annual loss was accounted for in summer. We suggest that at the broad scale of whole cities the influence of vegetation on rooftop solar potential estimates is negligible (especially in densely populated areas). Analyses which do not consider vegetation because of data availability nevertheless provide valuable insight into localities' solar potential.     

一种近岸波浪动能发电装置

设计了一种近岸波浪动能发电设备,其特有的双通道结构可将海水的双向流动转化为叶轮的单向旋转。同时,根据近岸波浪能的特点,分析了近岸海水动能和远离海岸波浪波高的关系,研究了通过发电设备的水流速度和设备的流通面积。     

The evolution of the spatial-temporal patterns of global energy security since the 1990s

Journal of Geographical Sciences - In this study, we developed an energy security evaluation model (ESEM) from three dimensions, energy supply-transport security, safety of energy utilization, and...     

我国荒漠地区大规模太阳能的开发利用应该起步

简要介绍了荒漠地区作为未来大规模太阳能开发利用基地的重大意义、太阳能发电、能源植物繁殖与制氢的进展与展望。期望我国能与国际大体同步,积极在科技前沿开展有关的基础性、前瞻性与战略性的研究发展工作。     

The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.     

秦岭—淮河南北供暖格局变化及其影响因素

基于秦岭—淮河南北及其周边196个气象站点观测资料,构建实际和动态供暖指数,对中国南北过渡带供暖格局变化进行分析,并探讨冬季北极涛动（AO）异常与供暖效率的响应关系。结果表明：① 固定供暖策略下,1960-2016年秦岭—淮河南北实际供暖能耗偏高,呈现“南多北少,西低东高”的变化特征,且低纬度地区供暖需求下降信号早于高纬度;② 对比区域变暖前后,秦岭—淮河南北冬季供暖能耗1960-1990年和1990-2016年两阶段空间特征,发现“整体南高北低,北部东高西低”的格局并未发生变化,供暖南北波动界线依然维持在秦岭山脉—淮河平原中部;③ AO强弱波动与区域冬季供暖能耗具有明显的时空响应关系,是影响中国南北过渡带供暖格局变化的重要因素。当AO负相位时,除四川盆地和巫山山区之外,秦岭—淮河南北其他区域实际供暖能耗明显下降,特别是淮河平原和长江下游的过渡地带响应尤为明显,未来应该有针对性制定气候适应对策。