Petrography,chemical composition,and Raman spectra of chrome spinel: Constraints on the diamond potential of the No. 30 pipe kimberlite in Wafangdian,North China Craton

Conventional diamond exploration seldom searches directly for diamonds in rock and soil samples. Instead, it focuses on the search for indicator minerals like chrome spinel, which can be used to evaluate diamond potential. Chrome spinels are preserved as pristine minerals in the early Paleozoic (∼465 Ma), hydrothermally altered, Group I No. 30 pipe kimberlite that intruded the Neoproterozoic Qingbaikou strata in Wafangdian, North China Craton (NCC). The characteristics of the chrome spinels were investigated by petrographic observation (BSE imaging), quantitative chemical analysis (EPMA), and Raman spectral analysis. The results show that the chrome spinels are mostly sub-rounded with extremely few grains being subhedral, and these spinels are macrocrystic, more than 500 µm in size. The chrome spinels also have compositional zones: the cores are classified as magnesiochromite as they have distinctly chromium-rich (Cr₂O₃ up to 66.56 wt%) and titanium-poor (TiO₂ < 1 wt%) compositions; and the rims are classified as magnetite as they have chromium-poor and iron-rich composition. In the cores of chrome spinels, compositional variations are controlled by Al³⁺-Cr³⁺ isomorphism, which results in a strong Raman spectra peak (A_1g mode) varying from 690 cm⁻¹ to 702.9 cm⁻¹. In the rims of chrome spinel, compositional variations result in the A_1g peak varying from 660 cm⁻¹ to 672 cm⁻¹. The morphology and chemical compositions indicate that the chrome spinels are mantle xenocrysts. The cores of the spinel are remnants of primary mantle xenocrysts that have been resorbed, and the rims were formed during kimberlite magmatism. The compositions of the cores are used to evaluate the diamond potential of this kimberlite through comparison with the compositions of chrome spinels from the Changmazhuang and No. 50 pipe kimberlites in the NCC. In MgO, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ versus Cr₂O₃ plots, the chrome spinels from the Changmazhuang and No. 50 pipe kimberlites are mostly located in the diamond stability field. However, only a small proportion of chrome spinels from No. 30 pipe kimberlite have same behavior, which indicates that the diamond potential of the former two kimberlites is greater than that of the No. 30 pipe kimberlite. This is also supported by compositional zones in the spinel grains: there is with an increase in Fe³⁺ in the rims, which suggests that the chrome spinels experienced highly oxidizing conditions. Oxidizing conditions may have been imparted by fluids/melts that have a great influence on diamond destruction. Here, we suggest that chrome spinel compositions can be a useful tool for identifying the target for diamond potential in the North China Craton.     

德州市中心城区地下空间资源潜力研究

为合理评价德州市中心城区地下空间资源潜力,研究工作从水文及水文地质、工程地质、环境地质、生态环境保护以及人类工程活动5个方面建立了由16个评价单因子组成的地下空间开发利用潜力评价指标体系,根据层次分析法评估结果将德州市中心城区地表以下不同深度内的地下空间划分为“可充分开发”、“不可充分开发”、“慎重与限制开发”三个等级区,并结合城市建设及环境条件,基于GIS平台开展了中心城区地下空间开发利用潜力评价。研究结果能够较为准确地反映地下空间开发利用潜力状况,具有实际的应用价值,可以为政府部门的管理和决策提供信息支持。     

Bathymetry of the Tonga Trench and Forearc: a map series

Four new bathymetric maps of the Tonga Trench and forearc between 14 °S and 27 °S display the important morphologic and structural features of this dynamic convergent margin. The maps document a number of important geologic features of the margin. Major normal faults and fault lineaments on the Tonga platform can be traced along and across the upper trench slope. Numerous submarine canyons incised in the landward slope of the trench mark the pathways of sediment transport from the platform to mid- and lower-slope basins. Discontinuities in the trench axis and changes in the morphology of the landward slope can be clearly documented and may be associated with the passage and subduction of the Louisville Ridge and other structures on the subducting Pacific Plate. Changes in the morphology of the forearc as convergence changes from normal in the south to highly-oblique in the north are clearly documented. The bathymetric compilations, gridded at 500- and 200-m resolutions and extending along 500 km of the landward trench slope and axis, provide complete coverage of the outer forearc from the latitude of the Louisville Ridge-Tonga Trench collision to the northern terminus of the Tonga Ridge. These maps should serve as a valuable reference for other sea-going programs in the region, particularly the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and the National Science Foundation MARGINS initiative.     

基于COM技术的地图符号库结构设计与实现

从符号库的结构设计入手,提出了一种新的符号库模型--双层地图符号库模型。该模型在速度、质量上继承了其他模型的优点;利用COM技术实现了地图符号库设计系统,该系统在符号库的易挂接性和符号的可扩展性上有了很大的提高。     

南极纳尔逊冰川土壤中微生物的群落结构及其代谢特征研究

冰川土壤中的微生物是冰冻圈生态系统中的重要组成部分。南极纳尔逊冰川四周环海,临近海洋的物质输送和其他因素扰动改变了近岸土壤中部分理化因子,从而对土壤中的微生物群落产生影响。本研究采集了南极纳尔逊冰川不同近海距离处的土壤样品,并对其进行了细菌和古菌V4区扩增子测序以及宏基因组测序,探讨了不同近海距离的冰川土壤中的微生物群落结构和代谢潜能。物种多样性结果显示,不同位点的土壤微生物群落组成有所差异,但变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等在冰川土壤样品中普遍存在且相对丰度较高。宏基因组分析结果显示,不同近海距离的冰川土壤微生物群落的功能基因分布不同,且能量代谢和跨膜运输等代谢途径的基因的丰度随着采样位点远离海洋而降低。冰川土壤中碳、氮、硫代谢分别以还原性柠檬酸循环、反硝化、同化硫酸盐还原途径为主,其中反硝化途径基因在所有样品中丰度较高。通过分箱组装获得了含有反硝化功能基因的基因组bin＿71,并重构了其核心的代谢通路。本研究初步揭示了南极纳尔逊冰川土壤中微生物的群落结构及代谢潜能,为后续南极冰川土壤新物种的发现、功能基因的挖掘、以及探究全球气候变暖下海洋对沿海生态系统的影响提供了基础数据。     

中国夏季降水异常空间模与副热带高压的关系

本文用1959～1994年6、7、8月全国范围47个5°×5°经纬度网格降水资料分析了夏季降水异常空间模的月际差异，并在此基础上用西太平洋副高指数及青藏高原指数#FKB#FS分析降水异常空间模与环流的关系，为检验环流指数与降水相关场的整体信度，还对8月份降水资料进行了Monte-Carlo检验。结果表明，夏季总降水异常的空间模在每一月份中并非表现得同样清楚，江淮流域与河套及华南的反相关在8月份表现得最清楚。而青藏高原中东部南北两侧的负相关在6月及8月很清楚，7月份次之。8月份西太平洋副高北界异常对江淮流域与河套及华南地区降水异常反相关的产生有很大作用。副高稳定偏北时，河套、华南易涝，江淮易旱。反之亦然。青藏高原指数#FKB#FS与逐月降水的相关分析表明，青藏高原上高压及低涡活动对高原中东部南北两侧负相关的产生有一定作用。当高压活动偏多时，北侧易旱、南侧易涝。并且6月及8月的作用较大，7月较小。另外，8月份副高活动对这一降水异常空间模的产生也有一定影响。     

云南省澜沧地区风化壳型稀土矿化的新发现及找矿前景

云南省澜沧地区位于滇西南地区,地处西南"三江"造山带南段,主体属班公湖-怒江-昌宁-孟连结合带南段,是云南省重要的铅锌银多金属矿分布区,以往在澜沧地区开展了诸多铅锌银矿调查工作,未对澜沧地区稀土矿化进行详细工作,本次通过矿产地质调查工作发现有花岗岩风化壳型、火山岩风化壳型、灰岩风化壳型三种不同的稀土矿化类型,其中花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿化具有较大的含矿层位面积,估算稀土资源量达大型;灰岩风化壳型矿化为调查区新发现类型稀土矿化,矿化与土壤地球化学异常吻合,稀土总量品位较高,含矿层位具有连续性,已开展概略调查地区估算稀土资源潜力达中型以上,具有较好的稀土矿找矿前景,今后对研究区开展详细的验证工作,特别是对灰岩风化壳型稀土矿化区开展研究,全面探索矿化层位特征、含矿性特征,有望取得新的找矿突破。     

网络三维虚拟校园建设及应用

本文以ArcGIS Server平台为基础,将WebGIS融合于三维数字校园中,设计出B/S模式的数字校园系统;系统采用JavaScript技术、Ajax技术以及地图切片等关键技术,完成了数字校园系统设计,从数据准备、三维建模,到系统设计的过程中,总结了一些新思路、新方法,并结合实际情况进行了一系列优化。     

LSQR法在位场反演中的分析与评价

LSQR法具有计算效率高、对计算机内存要求低的优点,适合于大规模问题的求解。为探讨其应用于位场反演的稳定性和可靠性,笔者以加入不同噪声的两个合成模型数据为实验对象,比较分析了Tikhonov正则化与LSQR法求解结果,显示直接利用LSQR法求解位场反问题能够得到满意的正则化解,其解模型相对Tikhonov正则化,最大相对误差仅为0.36%,说明直接利用LSQR法求解位场反问题是可行的。将其应用于四川盆地雅安地区重力三维反演,极大地降低计算成本,获取了区内沉积盆及主要断裂分布情况,为页岩气靶区优选提供了有力支撑。     

两次昆明准静止锋的对比分析

利用EAR5再分析气象数据,分析了两次昆明准静止锋天气过程的高低空环流形势、锋面结构、锋面位置、以及相关要素场等基本特征及其异同。结果表明：中高纬度地区阻塞形势的存在是昆明准静止锋形成的背景环流。当冷暖气团均强且势均力敌时,更有利于锋面的维持;冷空气较强时,锋面会向西移动,越过云贵高原地形的阻挡;反之,锋面则会向东移动。当锋面维持在高原地形东侧时,冷空气被地形阻挡时,锋面的移动缓慢,此时锋区最为明显。当锋面维持在地形东侧时,风场的最大水平切变、温度的最大水平梯度和相当位温的密集区,描述的锋面位置几乎相同。两次过程寒潮爆发时冷空气均只能维持到700hPa附近,且水平风场也均为600hPa以下的低空切变,说明昆明准静止锋为浅薄系统。昆明准静止锋与一般冷锋锋后不同,两次个例昆明准静止锋锋后低空为湿区,而锋前水汽是否充足则要看南支槽所处的位置。