Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the Okinawa Trough, SW of Japan: an overview

The Okinawa Trough is a heavily sedimented, rifted back-arc basin formed in an intracontinental rift zone. Submarine hydrothermal activity is located within the six back-arc rifts located in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough and its distribution is controlled principally by tectonic factors. Subduction of the Daito and Gagua Ridges beneath the Ryukyu Arc has resulted in fracturing of the brittle lithosphere beneath the Okinawa Trough. Hydrothermal activity is strongest in the volcanic arc-rift migration phenomenon (VAMP) area plus the JADE site and Southernmost Part of the Okinawa Trough (SPOT) area which form the prolongation of these two ridges. These areas are characterized by extremely high heat flow locally. Submarine hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough tend to be strongly influenced by interaction of the hydrothermal fluids with organic matter in the sediment resulting in high alkalinity and NH₄⁺ concentrations of the fluids. The fluids also contain high concentrations of CO₂ of magmatic origin. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the trough is diverse. The CLAM site consists principally of carbonate chimneys. Interaction of the hydrothermal fluid with organic matter in the sediment is particularly strong at this site. This is most probably a sediment-hosted deposit in which sulphide minerals have deposited within the sediment column leaving ‘spent ore-fluids’ to emerge at the seafloor. The JADE site consists of active and inactive sulphide–sulphate chimneys and mounds. The Zn–Pb-rich sulphides at this site contain the highest concentrations of Pb, Ag and Au so far recorded in submarine hydrothermal sulphide deposits. At Minami-Ensei Knoll and Hatoma Knoll, active and inactive chimneys consist principally of anhydrite and barite as a result of phase separation of the hydrothermal fluids beneath the seafloor. An intense black smoker has recently been discovered at Yonaguni Knoll in the SPOT area. If it is confirmed that sulphide mineralization is dominant at this site, this could be a highly prospective area. The most prospective areas for economic-grade minerals in the Okinawa Trough appear to be the JADE site and the SPOT area.     

中国北方6种新的砂岩型铀矿对铀资源潜力的提示

经过近10多年的努力,在中国北方中新生代沉积盆地发现和探明了6种新的大型、特大型砂岩型铀矿,暂时定名为伊犁式、吐哈式、东胜式、乌兰察布式、马尼特式、通辽式砂岩型铀矿。各种式样的铀矿产于不同构造背景的沉积盆地,矿床地质、矿体地质和控矿因素也有明显的差异性特征。成矿演化基本特点是:伊犁式、吐哈式都是典型的层间氧化-还原作用成矿,但前者在单斜整体抬升和差异升降构造活动背景下的不断叠加富集为重要特征,后者则在斜坡带隆升加断层及小型背斜构造活动的背景下在断裂南北两侧分带成矿;东胜式主要受古层间氧化带控制并接受后期还原改造再富集;乌兰察布式最新研究认为是重要的沉积成岩型铀矿,与湖泛事件演变密切相关;马尼特式是潜水氧化-还原作用与层间氧化-还原作用交替转化形成的古河谷型铀矿床;通辽式是"构造剥蚀天窗+断裂活动+深部还原物质"控矿,也可能还与基性岩脉(热源)有关。上述6种式样铀矿的另一规律是从西部向东部,西部(前三种)均产于中下侏罗统含煤碎屑岩系,东部(后三种)均产于上白垩统泥质砂岩和细砂岩。笔者指出,6种新的砂岩型铀矿的意义不仅仅在于发现和探明的本身增强了中国铀资源保障能力,更重要的意义还在于对中国铀资源潜力及今后找矿方针、勘查部署等多方面的重要提示。     

基于广义位势理论的弹塑性模型的修正方法

广义位势理论为岩土材料的本构关系研究指出了更开阔的数学背景。基于广义位势理论可以构造出基于应力空间的模型,也可构造出基于应变空间的模型,利用两者之间的对称关系,把常规基于应力空间的模型直接转换到应变空间中,对本构模型自身无需做任何改动。基于广义位势理论也可以对已有的本构模型进行修正,比如,可基于广义位势理论对剑桥模型进行修正,这种修正可使模型利用三轴试验的部分成果,比单纯使用压缩试验的成果要好一些。另外,也初步探讨了模型的三维化问题。     

非接触极化曲线视反应电位差区分矿体矿物成分及确定其边界的实验研究

本文用非接触极化曲线视反应电位差区分矿体矿物成分和确定矿体边界的基本原理，着重阐述矿物非接触极化曲线视反应电位差特征的实验研究方法和结果，并指出非接触极化曲线视反应电位差区分矿体矿物成分和确定矿体边界是有可能的。     

Simulation of the full two rigid body problem using polyhedral mutual potential and potential derivatives approach

Herein we investigate the coupled orbital and rotational dynamics of two rigid bodies modelled as polyhedra, under the influence of their mutual gravitational potential. The bodies may possess any arbitrary shape and mass distribution. A method of calculating the mutual potential’s derivatives with respect to relative position and attitude is derived. Relative equations of motion for the two body system are presented and an implementation of the equations of motion with the potential gradients approach is described. Results obtained with this dynamic simulation software package are presented for multiple cases to validate the approach and illustrate its utility. This simulation capability is useful both for addressing questions in dynamical astronomy and for enabling spacecraft missions to binary asteroid systems.     

Environmental limitations on recruitment from seed in invasive Spartina densiflora on a southern European salt marsh

The South American cordgrass, Spartina densiflora, has invaded a range of different habitats that can support different native species assemblages on salt marshes in the Gulf of Cadiz, Spain. Little is known about the mechanisms of invasion. We examined the potential for seed germination and recruitment in a field transplant experiment, representing a wide range of environments, on elevational gradients across marshes with muddy and sandy sediments. The biotic resistance of native, perennial vegetation (where present) to recruitment of the alien was also investigated. Spartina densiflora seeds were able to germinate over a greater than 2-m range of elevation in the tidal frame. Germination success on unvegetated muddy sediments was related to sediment redox potential, with poor germination at strongly negative redox potentials on the lower sites. On sandy, well-drained sediments, germination was apparently constrained by water availability at the highest elevations. Comparison of vegetated and cleared plots on the upper marsh showed that there was a negative relationship between the presence of Atriplex portulacoides and germination on the muddy sediments. Recruitment (survival of seedlings for 12 weeks) was seen only on unvegetated muddy sediments at the highest elevation. Hence the invasive success and wide elevational tolerance of S. densiflora on the marshes of the Gulf of Cadiz are not reflected in its short-term ability to become established from its prolific seed production. Colonization of sub-optimal habitats may be largely by vegetative propagules and clonal growth.     

LiPF6的水解行为研究

利用直接电位法,采用标准加入的方式测定了不同浓度和温度条件下,LiPF6水溶液中的F-浓度,同时考察了碱处理对LiPF6水解的影响,并采用电导率测定结果进行了验证.实验表明,LiPF6能够在水中稳定存在,且几乎不受碱度和温度的影响.     

规则波作用下台阶地形上墩柱绕流三维数值研究

利用Flow-3D建立三维数值波浪水槽,模拟波浪在不对称台阶地形上的传播。系统研究规则波作用下墩柱周围水流的流动特性,分析墩柱周围的瞬时速度场、涡量场以及KC值变化,不同相位时墩柱前、后水平流速分布情况。结果表明:波浪在台阶地形传播的过程中,墩柱迎水面的涡动结构不够明显;高涡量呈对称状聚集在墩柱的背水面,并形成一对旋转方向相反的涡结构;周期对KC值的影响比波高的影响要明显;墩柱迎水面水平方向流速变化较大,侧面水平流速变化最为剧烈,背面由于受到墩柱的掩护作用水平方向流速变化不大,在墩柱的正面和侧面竖向环流明显。     

新旧地形图编号及范围解算方法

在深入分析新、旧地形图分幅及编号规则的基础上,建立了新地形图编号算法模型、新地形图图幅范围解算模型以及新、旧地形图编号转换算法模型。解决了地形图编号的快速检索与图幅范围解算等问题。