利用地基GPS测量大气水汽廓线的方法

GPS倾斜路径的湿延迟反映了大气中水汽的三维非均匀分布,通过准确确定空间各卫星对地面各接收机的倾斜路径湿延迟,就可以利用断层扫描技术,确定大气层中水汽的三维分布和变化,从而增加目前还相对缺乏的大气水汽探测。文章就这方面介绍了国际上利用地基GPS测量倾斜路径大气湿延迟的两类方法(单点定位方法和双差定位方法)以及应用断层扫描技术利用这些观测进行水汽廓线遥感探测的两类方法(附加约束法和卡尔曼滤波法),并对这些方法的优缺点进行了初步的比较和探讨。     

Radar studies of magnetosphere dynamics

Ionospheric radars are an important tool for studying magnetospheric dynamics. The nature of such instruments is described and their application to a number of important problems is discussed, emphasizing South African work. A study of the theory of reflection from irregularities is discussed. The nature of ULF pulsations of more than one type has been elucidated by radar studies. An improvement of the understanding of magnetospheric convection has been achieved. A new HF radar experiment being developed for operation at SANAE, Antarctica, is described. An HF radar will be operated at SANAE in conjunction with the British radar at Halley to provide vector information about magnetospheric convection within that part of the magnetosphere which maps to a large portion of the Antarctic continent. The radar will be part of the SuperDARN international network of radars.     

关于大气分布模型

简述了大气垂直分布情况和高空探测方法,分析了目前只能采用球对称大气分布模型的原因;论证了随观测站、随方位而异的天文大气折射实测模型和折射延迟改正模型,已经包含了观测站上空大气实际分布的非球对称特性,不必再去寻找或建立随地势而异和随季节而变的大气分布模型,避免了大气分布模型选择不当的影响,从一个方面为提高天文大气折射改正精度和电磁波大气折射延迟改正精度提供了保证。     

在高海拔地区Saastamoinen与Hopfield模型推算水汽含量差异的研究

详细分析了在高海拔地区利用Saastamoinen和Hopfield两种模型推算水汽含量时产生差异的原因，并通过对高程不同的测站上实测数据的分析和研究，给出了Hopfield模型的修正项。     

On auroral dynamics observed by HF radar: 1. Equatorward edge of the afternoon-evening diffuse luminosity belt

Observations and modelling are presented which illustrate the ability of the Finland CUTLASS HF radar to monitor the afternoon-evening equatorward auroral boundary during weak geomagnetic activity. The subsequent substorm growth phase development was also observed in the late evening sector as a natural continuation of the preceding auroral oval dynamics. Over an 8 h period the CUTLASS Finland radar observed a narrow (in range) and persistent region of auroral F- and (later) E-layer echoes which gradually moved equatorward, consistent with the auroral oval diurnal rotation. This echo region corresponds to the subvisual equatorward edge of the diffuse luminosity belt (SEEL) and the ionospheric footprint of the inner boundary of the electron plasma sheet. The capability of the Finland CUTLASS radar to monitor the E-layer SEEL-echoes is a consequence of the nearly zero E-layer rectilinear aspect angles in a region 5/10° poleward of the radar site. The F-layer echoes are probably the boundary blob echoes. The UHF EISCAT radar was in operation and observed a similar subvisual auroral arc and an F-layer electron density enhancement when it appeared in its antenna beam.     

GPS measurements of ocean loading and its impact on zenith tropospheric delay estimates: a case study in Brittany, France

 The results from a global positioning system (GPS) experiment carried out in Brittany, France, in October 1999, aimed at measuring crustal displacements caused by ocean loading and quantifying their effects on GPS-derived tropospheric delay estimates, are presented. The loading effect in the vertical and horizontal position time series is identified, however with significant disagreement in amplitude compared to ocean loading model predictions. It is shown that these amplitude misfits result from spatial tropospheric heterogeneities not accounted for in the data processing. The effect of ocean loading on GPS-derived zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates is investigated and a scaling factor of 4.4 between ZTD and station height for a 10° elevation cut-off angle is found (i.e. a 4.4-cm station height error would map into a 1-cm ZTD error). Consequently, unmodeled ocean loading effects map into significant errors in ZTD estimates and ocean loading modeling must be properly implemented when estimating ZTD parameters from GPS data for meteorological applications. Ocean loading effects must be known with an accuracy of better than 3 cm in order to meet the accuracy requirements of meteorological and climatological applications of GPS-derived precipitable water vapor. Received: 16 July 2001 / Accepted: 25 April 2002 Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to H.G. Scherneck for fruitful discussions and for his help with the ocean loading calculations. They thank H. Vedel for making the HIRLAM data available; D. Jerett for helpful discussions; and the city of Rostrenen, the Laboratoire d'Océanographie of Concarneau, and the Institut de Protection et de S?reté Nucléaire (BERSSIN) for their support during the GPS measurement campaign. Reviews by C.K. Shum and two anonymous referees significantly improved this paper. This work was carried out in the framework of the MAGIC project (http://www.acri.fr/magic), funded by the European Commission, Environment and Climate Program (EC Contract ENV4-CT98–0745). Correspondence to: E. Calais, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1397, USA. e-mail: ecalais@purdue.edu Tel. : +1-765-496-2915; Fax:+1-765-496-1210     

影响机载激光扫描测高精度的系统误差分析

简要介绍了机载激光扫描测高技术的系统组成和发展现状，通过坐标转换技术建立起机载激光扫描对地定位的基本几何关系，并从这些几何关系出发，着重分析了动态偏心改正及动态时效误差对机载激光测高精度的影响，对不同的误差源如何影响定位结果的精度进行了讨论，最后给出模拟计算结果，得出了一些有益的结论。     

From Strange Attractors to Real-World Data: Evaluating a Bedform Model by Measuring the Distance Between State-Space Plots

A new nonlinear data-analysis technique compares the typical sequences in different time or spatial series. The method quantitatively compares delay-coordinate embedded state-space plots by treating them plots as probability distributions. Thus its application is not limited to data generated by deterministic systems, and does not require knowledge of a system's dimension. In a preliminary application, comparing state-space plots of natural and model-generated eolian ripples suggests that the interactions in them have similarities with those in nature, and that this method can be of use as an additional model evaluation tool.     

地面GPS探测大气可降水量的初步结果

地面全球定位系统（GPS）探测大气可降水量时空分布的可行性和可靠性研究，对地面GPS用于提高预报降水和恶劣天气的准确性和气候变化的研究具有重要作用。收集了覆盖于全国的23个站和我国周边的6个国际GPS服务（IGS）基准站为期6 d的GPS观测资料，组成了一个GPS气象学的区域性地面实验网，进行了我国首次GPS气象学试验。归算用的软件是在美国麻省理工学院GPS分析软件GAMIT基础上发展起来的上海天文台GPS精密定轨定位软件SHAGAP。为了提高对流层天顶延迟的监测精度和分辨率，我们采用了分段的参数估计和随机过程相结合的估算方法来处理对流层延迟，由此获得了分辨率分别为2 h和30 min，精度好于1 cm的天顶延迟量。通过天顶干延迟和天顶湿延迟的分离和天顶湿延迟到可降水量的转换，得到了精度为1～2 mm的可降水量的计算结果。将这些结果与实测探空仪资料计算的结果相比较，两者基本符合。试验的结果初步验证了地面GPS观测为气象服务的可行性和可靠性。同时指出了今后地面GPS在气象上应用的现实性。