岩质边坡锚杆挡墙设计中一些问题的探讨

由于多种原因，当前就岩质边坡而言，采用库伦理论计算的静止土压力与实际情况差异很大，作者从分析岩质边坡应力分布着手，充分运用“工程类比”方法，通过在一些工程中的探索，发现当前设计采用的“破裂面”理论不合理，进而提出将稳定边坡角以内的岩体作为稳定区考虑的设想，同时对锚固深度的确定也提出了建议，由于这一设计理论的变更，将产生更大的经济效益。     

扶壁式及L式挡土墙的模型土压力试验

汇总分析了扶壁式墙和Ｌ型墙等多种结构模型，在填干砂、湿砂、砂中灌水、水中填砂等不同条件下进行试验，得到扶壁式墙立板和底板土压力减少的分布规律，提出了比较合理的土压力近似计算公式和简易的计算图式，并对有关算例进行了分析     

围岩监控量测技术在浅埋大断面公路隧道中的应用

以安楚公路２、３号隧道围岩监测资料为基础，以进出口边玻和Ｋ７５＋４２０～Ｋ７５＋４３０段作为实例，介绍了应用监测技术提供的围岩变形信息来指导施工、确保安全的情况。     

湖南娄底地区岩溶塌陷特征及防治探讨

本文分析了娄底地区岩溶发育特征及其分布规律。阐述了本地区岩溶塌陷的形态特征,提出了岩溶塌陷的防治措施。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE METHOD OF SEISMIC INTENSITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DATA AND HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGES

After destructive earthquakes, the assessment result of seismic intensity is an important decision-making basis for emergency rescue, recovery and reconstruction. This job requires higher timeliness by government and society. Because remote sensing technology is not affected by the terrible traffic conditions on the ground after the earthquake, large-scale seismic damage information in the earthquake area can be collected in a short time by the remote sensing image. The remote sensing technique plays a more and more important role in rapid acquisition of seismic damage information, emergency rescue decision-making, seismic intensity assessment and other work. On the basis of previous studies, this paper proposes a new method to assess seismic intensity by using remote sensing image, i.e. to interpret the building collapse rate of a residential quarter after an earthquake by high-resolution remote sensing images. If there already are detailed building data and building structure vulnerability matrix data of a residential area, we can calculate the building collapse rate under any intensity values in this residential area by using the theory of earthquake damage prediction. Assuming that the building collapse rate interpreted by remote sensing is equal to the building collapse rate predicted by using the existing data, it will be easy to calculate the actual seismic intensity of the residential area in this earthquake event. Based on this idea, according to the relevant standard specifications issued by China Earthquake Administration, this paper puts forward some functional models, such as the calculation model of building collapse rate based on remote sensing, the data matrix model of residential building structure, the prediction function matrix model of residential building collapse rate and the prediction model of residential building collapse rate. A formula for calculating seismic intensity by using remote sensing interpretation of collapse rate is also proposed. To test and verify the proposed method, this paper takes two neighboring blocks of Jiegu Town after the Yushu M7.1 earthquake in Qinghai Province as an example. The building structure matrix of the study block was constructed by using pre-earthquake 0.6m resolution satellite remote sensing image(QuickBird, acquired on November 6, 2004), post-earthquake 0.2m aerial remote sensing image(acquired by National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, April 15, 2010) and some field investigation data. The building collapse rate in the two blocks was calculated by using the interpretation results of seismic damage from the Remote Sensing Technology Coordinating Group of China Seismological Bureau. The seismic damage matrix of building structures in Yushu area is constructed by using the abundant scientific data of the scientific investigation team of the project “Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Yushu M7.1 Earthquake in Qinghai Province” of China Seismological Bureau. On this basis, the collapse rate prediction function of different structures in Yushu area is constructed. According to the prediction function of collapse rate and the building structure matrix of the two blocks, the building collapse rate under different intensity values is predicted, and the curve of intensity-collapse rate function is drawn. By comparing the building collapse rate interpreted by remote sensing and the intensity-collapse rate function curve of this two blocks, the seismic intensity of both blocks are calculated to be the same value: Ⅸ degree, which is consistent with the results of the field scientific investigation of the earthquake. The validation shows that the method proposed in this paper can effectively avoid the influence caused by the difference of seismic performance of buildings and accurately evaluate seismic intensity when using remote sensing technique. The method has certain application value for earthquake emergency work.     

泰安市城区—旧县水源地岩溶地面塌陷历程及影响因素分析

文章总结泰安市城区—旧县水源地内岩溶塌陷的发生发展历程，综合前人研究成果及最新的野外调查统计结果，对影响研究区岩溶塌陷的分布及影响因素进行了剖析，探明了岩溶塌陷的发育条件及诱发因素。结果表明:(1)研究区内岩溶塌陷主要发生在岩溶发育较强、断裂带附近、土层厚度小于30 m的区域；发生塌陷区域的土层结构以二元结构为主，其次是多元结构；塌陷大多发生在汛期，尤其是在大型降雨之后；(2)强烈的地下水开采活动引发的岩溶水大幅度波动是塌陷发生的最主要诱发因素，且岩溶地下水位在基岩面附近波动时最易引发塌陷；外界对土体的扰动也对塌陷有一定的影响，泰安城区旧镇铁路交汇处的塌陷与列车行车震动有密不可分的联系。综合分析以往岩溶塌陷的研究方向和程度，建议今后的研究重点应为塌陷过程演化监测与模拟、塌陷预警预报方法探索及数据库建设。      

无锡市鼋头渚景区岩质边坡崩塌形成机制及防治对策研究

崩塌地质灾害是苏南低山丘陵地区岩质边坡的主要工程地质问题之一。在对无锡鼋头渚景区沿湖景观路崩塌危岩体开展应急调查与测绘的基础上,文章对崩塌危岩体地质背景条件和灾害特征进行了描述,并采用赤平投影法对危岩体结构面组合特征进行了分析;在深入研究崩塌灾害形成原因与破坏模式后,提出采用危岩清除+钢筋混凝土肋柱锚固+挂网喷射混凝土护面+系统截排水+纳入群测群防应急体系的综合防治对策,为苏南丘陵地区同类型软硬互层岩质边坡崩塌灾害防治提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

Variability in eruptive dynamics associated with caldera collapse: an example from two successive eruptions at Batur volcanic field,Bali, Indonesia

Batur volcanic field (BVF) in Bali, Indonesia, underwent two successive caldera-forming eruptions, CI and CII (29,300 and 20,150 years b.p., respectively) that resulted in the deposition of dacitic ignimbrites. The respective ignimbrites show contrasted stratigraphies, exemplify the variability of dynamics associated with caldera-forming eruptions and provide insights into the possible controls exerted by caldera collapse mechanisms. The Ubud Ignimbrite is widespread and covers most of southern Bali. The deposits consist dominantly of pyroclastic flow with minor pumice fall deposits. The intra-caldera succession comprises three distinct, partially to densely welded cooling units separated by non-welded pyroclastic flow and fall deposits. The three cooling units consist of pyroclastic flow deposits only and together represent up to 16 distinct flow units, each including a thin, basal, lithic-rich breccia. This eruption was related to a 13.5×10 km caldera (CI) with a minimum collapsed volume of 62 km³. The floor of caldera CI is inferred to have a piecemeal geometry. The Ubud Ignimbrite is interpreted as the product of a relatively long-lasting, pulsating, collapsing fountain that underwent at least two time breaks. A stable column developed during the second time break. Discharge rate was high overall, but oscillatory, and increased toward the end of the eruption. These dynamics are thought to reflect sequential collapse of the CI structure. The Gunungkawi Ignimbrite is of more limited extent outside the source caldera and occurs only in central southern Bali. The Gunungkawi Ignimbrite proximal deposits consist of interbedded accretionary lapilli-bearing ash surge, ash fall, pumice lapilli fall and thin pyroclastic flow deposits, overlain by a thick and massive pyroclastic flow deposit with a thick basal lag breccia. The caldera (CII) is 7.5×6 km in size, with a minimum collapsed volume of 9 km³. The CII eruption included two distinct phases. During the first, eruption intensity was low to moderate and an unstable, essentially phreatomagmatic column developed. During the second phase, the onset of caldera collapse drastically increased the eruption intensity, resulting in column collapse. The caldera floor is believed to have subsided rapidly, producing a single, short-lived burst of high eruption intensity that resulted in the deposition of the uppermost massive pyroclastic flow.Editorial responsibility: T. Druitt     

Environmental determinism in Holocene research: causality or coincidence?

The past decade has seen a revival of environmental determinism in palaeoenvironmental research, with palaeoclimatic shifts implicated in the collapse of many past civilizations. Implicit in these studies is a belief that the observed cultural transitions can be causally related to the magnitude of climatic change. However, examination of the processes of these declines suggests that many exhibit patterns characteristic of complexity cascading within self-organized systems. If so, the nonlinear nature of these systems' responses to external forcing means that the assumption of causality in many of these cases should be considered questionable.     

地下连续墙施工中泥浆的合理使用

分析了地下连续墙施工中泥浆使用存在的问题，介绍了泥浆制备及使用的一些经验方法，初步提出了一些提高泥浆质量和节约泥浆成本的措施与方法。