Analytical solution for transient groundwater flow during slug test in vertical cutoff walls

An analysis method for transient groundwater flow during slug tests performed in vertical cutoff walls is presented. The analytical solution for evaluating hydraulic conductivity of vertical cutoff walls is derived by applying the method of images to the previously developed analytical solution that is exclusively applicable to an infinite aquifer. Two distinct boundary conditions are considered to account for the configuration of the vertical cutoff wall: the wall‐soil formation interfaces with or without the existence of filter cakes, that is, constant‐head boundary and no‐flux boundary conditions. A series of type curves is constructed from the analytical solution and compared with those of a partially penetrated well within an aquifer. The constant‐head boundary condition provides faster hydraulic head recovery than the aquifer case. On the other hand, the no‐flux boundary condition leads to a delayed hydraulic head recovery. The greater the shape factor and well offset from the center of the cutoff wall, and the smaller the width of the cutoff wall, the greater the effect of the boundary condition observed in the type curves. This result shows the significance of considering proper boundary conditions at the vertical cutoff wall in analyzing slug tests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-gravitating spherical radiating systems prior to collapsing into black holes

We discuss the energy density and the maximum value of entropy for spherically symmetric, self-gravitating, electromagnetic radiating systems prior to their collapse into black holes. Some interesting results have been obtained.     

2019-12-26湖北应城M4.9地震强震动特征分析

对2019-12-26湖北应城M4.9地震的强震加速度记录进行基线校正和滤波处理,分析地震动场的分布特征。结果表明,此次地震记录的峰值加速度（PGA）随距离衰减较快;场地效应、上盘效应和破裂方向性效应共同导致地震动产生巨大差异。对应城地震台的强震记录进行旋转,其顺断层方向记录与垂直断层向和垂直向记录差异明显,存在一段周期约为0.3 s的类简谐强震动,与以走滑为主的震源机制相吻合。     

藏区公路地质灾害及其稳定性遥感解译

川藏区公路位于青藏高原腹地,地势高亢,气候寒冷。区内断裂构造十分发育,多以压扭性断裂为主,一般具有逆冲和逆掩性质,沿线发育的主要地质灾害有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流。通过遥感解译分析,在此基础上运用彩红外航空像片,确定了滑坡、崩塌、泥石流的解译标志,解析了其稳定性以及对公路的危害程度,为藏区公路灾害整治工程提供了地质依据。     

重庆松藻矿区复杂地层钻探技术探讨

重庆松藻矿区强风化地层厚度在700m左右,结构松软、涌水、漏失及水敏性地层反复出现。该区钻孔易出现坍塌、掉块、吸水膨胀缩径、孔斜等现象,施工难度较大,另外煤心采取率极低。在该矿区小鱼沱井田钻进时,采用快干水泥浆封堵及跟管钻进相结合的钻进工艺,并严格控制双聚低固相泥浆配方;在跟管钻进过程中,掌握控制其压力、转速,防止因压力过大或钻进太快而出现套管断脱。该孔历时4个月,终孔深度1261．72m,终孔斜度为8°,钻孔质量为特级。CK-28井成孔经验表明,在该区复杂地层钻进,采用边钻进边封堵及跟管钻进等技术,可有效解决易塌、涌水、漏失、孔斜等难题。     

Multi-aquifer pumping test to determine cutoff wall length for groundwater flow control during site excavation in Tokyo, Japan

Multi-aquifer pumping tests, using a multi-screen pumping well and multi-level piezometers, were carried out for groundwater flow control in a large-scale excavation site in Tokyo, Japan. The site was underlain by multi-layered confined aquifers. In the tests, pumping was carried out using a multi-aquifer pumping well in which a screen depth was chosen arbitrarily. Changes in groundwater pressure heads in each aquifer were measured at each screen position of the multi-aquifer pumping well. Hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (S _s) of not only aquifers, but also for low permeability layers between the aquifers, were estimated using the Cooper-Jacob method, and calibrated by a finite element method (FEM) groundwater model. Four different cutoff wall lengths were assumed for final excavation depth, and correlations among wall length, pumping discharge and drawdown at the back of the cutoff wall were obtained from simulations using the K and S _s parameters in the FEM model. Then, the most suitable wall length was selected based on the simulated correlations considering environmental condition, construction period and cost of the cutoff wall.     

准噶尔盆地腹部盆1井西凹陷超压研究

准噶尔盆地腹部盆1井西凹陷存在明显的深部超压系统(4400m以下)。通过对超压段地质、钻井、地球物理特征的研究发现,超压段多为砂、泥岩互层,泥岩段大多几米到十几米厚,孔隙度在8%以下,已经过充分的压实,进入超压段,泥浆密度大幅增加,远大于1.2g/cm~3,砂岩、泥岩段同时具有高声波时差和低电阻率特征,井旁地震速度具有异常低值特征,超压顶面形态不规则,穿层分布,并且宏观上往往在一定的深度范围内。经过分析,欠压实以及煤层不是超压带低速的原因,烃类生成尤其是天然气生成对现今超压贡献最大。     

返包式土工格栅加筋土高挡墙现场试验研究

为了研究返包式土工格栅加筋土高挡墙结构的受力、变形状态,分析其作用机理,进行了包括加筋土墙体基底应力、墙背侧向土压力、拉筋拉力和墙面水平变形等内容的现场试验,研究了加筋土墙体基底垂直应力、不同层位的拉筋拉力沿筋长的分布规律,加筋土挡墙潜在的破裂面位置,墙背侧向土压力沿墙高的分布规律以及墙面水平变形规律。测试结果表明,加筋土挡墙基底垂直土压力沿土工格栅拉筋长度方向呈非线性分布,最大值发生在拉筋中部附近,向拉筋两端方向逐渐减少;实测墙背侧向土压力沿墙高呈非线性形式分布,其值小于主动土压力;上部墙体拉筋应变沿筋长呈单峰值分布,下部墙体拉筋应变沿筋长呈双峰值分布;上部墙体潜在破裂面形状与“0.3H法”接近,而下部墙体潜在的破裂面形状与朗肯主动土压力理论接近;施工期墙面最大水平变形位置在墙高的下部,竣工后墙面最大水平变形发生在墙顶处等结论。     

扬子板块西北缘碧口地块变形变质作用序列——松潘—甘孜造山带伸展垮塌事件的意义

碧口地块位于秦岭—大别、松潘—甘孜造山带与扬子板块的交汇部位。根据碧口地区各套地层构造变形样式的不同,将地层自下而上划分为三个构造地层单元:①新元古界基底杂岩,主要由新元古界碧口群火山岩系和横丹群浊积岩系组成,杂岩体核部变形较弱,边部发育韧性剪切变形,并以一条由超糜棱岩带组成的基底拆离断层为顶界,与上覆地层分隔。基底杂岩经历了蓝片岩相到硬柱石-钠长石-绿泥石相的变质作用。②古生界中间韧性流变层,由志留系—泥盆系的糜棱岩或千糜岩组成,岩层中发育多期构造面理(S1、S2、S3)和典型的固态流变构造,变质程度普遍达中绿片岩相。③中生界沉积盖层,包括碧口地块以北的三叠系关家沟组和小面积出露的侏罗系—白垩系,以脆性破碎带和小型脆性断层构造为主。拆离断层与各套构造地层中的韧性剪切和流变构造一同反映了区域性上盘向SSE剪切的几何学和运动学特征,证实了碧口地区中生代206~154Ma伸展垮塌事件的存在,从而建立了碧口地块的隆升模式。研究结果表明,松潘—甘孜在中生代造山作用后的区域伸展作用下形成了拆离断层和中地壳韧性流变层,造成了地层缺失和地壳减薄,基底杂岩在造山带的腹陆隆升并露出地表。     

导水岩溶陷落柱堵水塞建造技术

以东庞矿特大陷落柱突水快速封堵工程为例,分析了陷落柱空间结构特征及突水水文地质条件,提出了对突水陷落柱进行快速截水恢复生产和注浆封堵根治水患两个阶段的治理方案。根据陷落柱的空间特征及工程地质条件,确立了分序分段注浆工艺,并且给出了不同阶段注浆工艺的控制标准;建立了注浆钻孔分序分段注浆的吸水率结束标准;提出了在井下疏放堵水塞之上的陷落柱残留水,计算补给水量,定量评价堵水效果的检验方法;采用先进的螺杆钻具定向、随钻测斜与防斜纠偏钻探工艺,使钻进方向始终处于受控状态,确保钻机按照设计参数施工。