时序双极化SAR开采沉陷区土壤水分估计

开采沉陷地质灾害诱发矿区生态环境恶化的关键因子是土壤水分变化。研究提出了一种利用Sentinel-1A双极化SAR和OLI地表反射率数据联合反演土壤含水量的方法,即基于归一化水体指数(NDWI)反演植被含水量;采用Water-Cloud Model(WCM)模型消除植被对Sentinel-1A后向散射系数产生的影响,将其转化为裸土区的后向散射系数;利用基于AIEM模型和Oh模型建立的经验模型反演研究区地表参数,并用OLI光学反演结果进行验证;最后比较了开采沉陷区内外土壤水分含量。研究表明:(1)与基于OLI的土壤水分监测指数(SMMI)的土壤水分含量反演结果相比,两种极化方式中VH极化反演的水分结果具有更好的一致性,且两种极化方式反演结果也表明荒漠化草原区比黄土丘陵沟壑区反演效果更好,说明地形对后向散射的影响不可忽略。(2)在2016年内72期数据中,VH极化反演结果对比区土壤水分含量大于沉陷区的有41期,所占比例为57%;VV极化反演结果对比区土壤水分含量大于沉陷区的有36期,所占比例为50%,且不同矿区内的沉陷区受到的影响不同。说明开采沉陷造成的地表粗糙度的增加会对地表土壤水分产生负面影响,但不同矿区之间又有差异。     

线性Radon域地震干涉层间多次波预测方法

为避免时空域地震干涉技术预测层间多次波过程中出现假象干扰,影响地震资料处理。笔者结合线性Radon变换与地震干涉技术,在线性Radon域中利用地震干涉技术预测层间多次波。通过数值模拟验证了线性Radon域地震干涉层间多次波预测方法的有效性,并将该方法应用到复杂速度模型中。结果表明,线性Radon域地震干涉技术可以有效减少时空域地震干涉技术预测层间多次波存在的假象,压缩数据体积大小,提高计算效率,并能够适用于复杂地质环境。     

“雷达干涉测量”课程教学设计与实践

雷达干涉测量作为遥感对地观测领域中的热点学科,受到测绘、地质、矿业、水利、国土资源、航空航天、地震等各行各业的广泛关注。为了适应科技发展对雷达干涉测量高级人才的需求,许多高校开设了或即将开设“雷达干涉测量”等相关课程。结合东北大学在“雷达干涉测量”课程教学及实践中的经验,围绕课程教学设计、教学方法、教学实践中遇到的问题及解决方案等方面进行了详细探讨,为促进高素质雷达遥感人才培养工作贡献力量。     

Improved topographic mapping through high-resolution SAR interferometry with atmospheric effect removal

The application of SAR interferometry (InSAR) in topographic mapping is usually limited by geometric/temporal decorrelations and atmospheric effect, particularly in repeat-pass mode. In this paper, to improve the accuracy of topographic mapping with high-resolution InSAR, a new approach to estimate and remove atmospheric effect has been developed. Under the assumptions that there was no ground deformation within a short temporal period and insignificant ionosphere interference on high-frequency radar signals, e.g. X-bands, the approach was focused on the removal of two types of atmospheric effects, namely tropospheric stratification and turbulence. Using an available digital elevation model (DEM) of moderate spatial resolution, e.g. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, a differential interferogram was firstly produced from the high-resolution InSAR data pair. A linear regression model between phase signal and auxiliary elevation was established to estimate the stratified atmospheric effect from the differential interferogram. Afterwards, a combination of a low-pass and an adaptive filter was employed to separate the turbulent atmospheric effect. After the removal of both types of atmospheric effects in the high-resolution interferogram, the interferometric phase information incorporating local topographic details was obtained and further processed to produce a high-resolution DEM. The feasibility and effectiveness of this approach was validated by an experiment with a tandem-mode X-band COSMO-SkyMed InSAR data pair covering a mountainous area in Northwestern China. By using a standard Chinese national DEM of scale 1:50,000 as the reference, we evaluated the vertical accuracy of InSAR DEM with and without atmospheric effects correction, which shows that after atmospheric signal correction the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) has decreased from 13.6 m to 5.7 m. Overall, from this study a significant improvement to derive topographic maps with high accuracy has been achieved by using the proposed approach.     

Rule‐based Integration of Remotely‐sensed Data and GIS for Land Cover Mapping in NE Costa Rica

Abstract

A classification method was developed for mapping land cover in NE Costa Rica at a regional scale for spatial input to a biogeochemical model (CENTURY). To distinguish heterogeneous cover types, unsupervised classifications of Landsat Thematic Mapper data were combined with ancillary and derived data in an iterative process. Spectral classes corresponding to ground control types were segregated into a storage raster while ambiguous pixels were passed through a set of rules to the next stage of processing. Feature sets were used at each step to help sort spectral classes into land cover classes. The process enabled different feature sets to be used for different types while recognizing that spectral classification alone was not sufficient for separating cover types that were defined by heterogeneity. Spectral data included the TM reflective bands, principal components and the NDVI. Ancillary data included GIS coverages of swamp extents, banana plantation boundaries and river courses. Derived data included neighborhood variety and majority measures that captured texture. The final map depicts 18 land cover types and captures the general patterns found in the region. Some confusion still exists between closely related types such as pasture with different amounts of tree cover.     

虚拟震源方法用于探测地下陡倾角地质构造

当常规地震勘探数据处理方法不能对地下存在的陡倾角地质构造获得满意的成像效果时,应用虚拟震源方法将垂直地震剖面( VSP,vertical seismic profile) 数据重构成单井剖面( SWP,single well profile) 数据,可以使得观测系统重构到更接近于井附近目标体的位置,震源和检波器都位于复杂的覆盖之下并避免井和地表之间未知速度信息的影响,从而获得对地下地质构造更好的成像分辨率。尤其是当地下存在诸如断层这样的陡倾角地质构造时,虚拟震源方法可以对目标体产生很好的成像效果。本文进行了声波数据和弹性波数据的模拟实验,将模型中的陡构造设置为断层,测试虚拟震源方法用于探测地下陡倾角地质构造的能力,对声波和弹性波介质都获得了满意的成像结果; 在应用稀疏观测系统进行测量时,仍然可以得到较好的成像效果。     

利用超声尾波干涉评价页岩应力敏感性

岩石应力敏感性是岩石内部微裂隙发育的一种反映,对于致密储层物性和成缝能力（可压性）评价具有重要作用。由于页岩油气储层基质模量高,对应力的敏感性相对较弱,需要寻求新的高灵敏度测试方法。尾波干涉是运用介质中的散射波来监测介质微弱变化的一种测量方法,对岩石应力变化具有较高的敏感性。借助GCTS RTR-1500高温、高压三轴测试试验系统,对重庆城口县下寒武统鲁家坪组露头页岩开展尾波干涉试验,研究了页岩尾波发育规律及其对应力的响应,分析了页岩在不同围压下的应力敏感性。结果表明：页岩尾波应力敏感性大于直达波,S波应力敏感性大于P波;尾波波速相对变化率随应力的变化能够较好地反映页岩内部裂隙的产生,与扩容点有很好的对应关系;围压使部分裂隙闭合,天然裂隙密度减小,页岩应力敏感性系数降低。尾波干涉可作为页岩的应力敏感性和成缝能力评价的方法。     

Land subsidence pattern controlled by old alpine basement faults in the Kashmar Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR and levelling

Fluid storage systems, such as oil, gas, magma or water reservoirs, are often controlled by the host rock structure and faulted terrain. In sedimentary basins, where no direct information about underlying structure is available, the pattern of ground deformation may allow us to assess the buried fault arrangement. We provide an example in the semi-arid area of Iran, in the Kashmar Valley, a region subject to land subsidence due to water overexploitation. Geodetically determined subsidence rates in the Kashmar Valley exceed 15–30 cm yr⁻¹. The pattern of surface deformation is strongly non-uniform and displays NE–SW elongated bowls of subsidence. The trend resembles old Cretaceous-to-Tertiary faults that evolved during early alpine tectonic deformation. Although these early alpine structures are considered tectonically inactive in the present day, the observed land subsidence pattern indicates significant structural control on the geometry of the aquifer basin and its deformation during reservoir drainage.     

From noise correlation to resonant ultrasound spectroscopy in rock acoustics

This article introduces an alternative experimental procedure for measuring the elastic properties of a solid material at laboratory scale, using both the principles of passive seismic interferometry and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy. We generate noise into the studied sample with a pneumatic air blow gun, and we cross‐correlate the signals recorded with two passive piezoelectric sensors put in soft contact with the sample surface. Resonance phenomena are induced in the sample, but in contrast with conventional resonance ultrasound spectroscopy experiments, we have no control over the injected frequencies that are sent all together within the noise spectrum. The spectrum of the correlogram is a good approximation of the resonance spectrum of the vibrating sample and can be inverted in terms of the elastic moduli of the constituent material of the sample. The experimental procedure is validated on samples made of standard materials (here, aluminium and Plexiglas) by consistently comparing the inverted elastic velocities with the velocities independently measured with the conventional technique of ultrasonic pulse transmission. Moreover, we got similar positive results on dry rock samples, such as Vilhonneur limestone. These encouraging preliminary results open up promising prospects for monitoring fluid substitution in rock samples using the technique described in this paper.     

Nonparametric estimation of wave dispersion in high‐rise buildings by seismic interferometry

Interferometric identification and health monitoring of high‐rise buildings has been gaining increasing interest in recent years. The wave dispersion in the structure has been largely ignored in these efforts but needs to be considered to further develop these methods. In this paper, (i) the goodness of estimation of vertical wave velocity in buildings, as function of frequency, by two nonparametric interferometric techniques is examined, using realistic fixed‐base Timoshenko beam benchmark models. Such models are convenient because the variation of phase and group velocities with frequency can be derived theoretically. The models are those of the NS and EW responses of Millikan Library. One of the techniques, deconvolution interferometry, estimates the phase velocity on a frequency band from phase difference between motions at two locations in the structure, while the other one estimates it approximately at the resonant frequencies based on standing wave patterns. The paper also (ii) examines the modeling error in wave velocity profiles identified by fitting layered shear beam in broader band impulse response functions of buildings with significant bending flexibility. This error may affect inferences on the spatial distribution of damage from detected changes in such velocity profiles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.