Block fracturing analysis using nodal‐based discontinuous deformation analysis with the double minimization procedure

As a hybrid method, the nodal‐based discontinuous deformation analysis (NDDA) greatly improves the stress accuracy within each DDA block by coupling a well‐defined finite element mesh inside the DDA block; at the same time, the NDDA inherits the unique block kinematics of the standard DDA method. Each finite element mesh line inside the DDA block is treated as a potential crack, which enables the transformation of the block material from continuum to discontinuum through the tensile and shear fracturing mechanism. This paper introduces a double minimization procedure into the NDDA method to further improve the accuracy of the stresses evaluated at the finite element mesh lines and thus to obtain a more realistic fracture model. Three numerical examples are employed to demonstrate the improved stress accuracy by the implemented double minimization procedure and the accuracy and capability of the enhanced NDDA method in capturing brittle fracturing process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of occurrence patterns and biological factors of cetaceans based on long‐term and fine‐scale data from platforms of opportunity: Madeira Island as a case study

Management and conservation issues are addressed through the identification of areas of particular importance, which requires the acquisition of baseline information on species distribution and dynamics. These types of data are particularly difficult to obtain at high resolution for large marine vertebrates like cetaceans, given that dedicated surveys are complex and logistically expensive. This study uses daily presence–absence sighting data of cetaceans collected year‐round from whale‐watching boats to support the theory that fine‐scale data obtained from platforms of opportunity can provide valuable information on species occurrence and group dynamics. Data from 7,551 (daily) sightings comprising 22 species were collected from 3,527 surveyed days over 11 years (mean of 321 days per year, SD = 17) in the pelagic environment of Madeira Island. Cetaceans were observed on 92% of the surveyed days, and a mean of 15.4 (SD = 1.5), 8.2 (SD = 2.0) and 2.1 (SD = 1.2) species were recorded per year, month, and day, respectively. There were significant differences in the number of species per month (p < .001), with the highest diversity recorded in June. At least nine species, comprising 96% of all sightings, were found to use the Madeiran waters on a regular basis, such as the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), the short‐beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and others featured in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Endangered, Vulnerable, and Data Deficient. In addition, 10 species were found to use the Madeiran waters for travelling, feeding, resting, socializing and calving, which suggests that the southern and southeastern waters of Madeira Island constitute an area of interest for cetaceans. This study characterizes the cetaceans’ community structure (occurrence, aggregation sizes, behaviours, proportion of calves, and inter‐specific relationships) of a poorly studied region, providing important information for managers. Finally, the advantages and limitations of using fine‐scale data from a type of platform of opportunity that is increasing along coastlines globally are discussed.     

长江经济带入境旅游经济发展水平省际差异研究

基于区域经济非均衡增长理论,选取1996—2015年长江经济带入境旅游经济发展相关指标,构建旅游经济产业规模指数、产业素质指数及其综合指数,运用数理统计分析和ArcGIS地统计模型,对长江经济带入境旅游经济发展水平省际差异的时空演化特征进行实证分析,深入探讨入境旅游经济发展的现实格局与内在机理。研究表明：(1)长江经济带各省区入境旅游经济发展水平的时空差异总体上呈逐步收敛态势;(2)长江经济带上中下游三大地区入境旅游经济发展的区域内差异贡献率远强于区域间差异贡献率,下游区域的旅游产业发展对省际差异贡献率最大;(3)2015年长江经济带入境旅游产业综合指数呈“U”型拟合曲线,总体上表现出东强西弱,自西向东愈渐增强;北强南弱,自南向北愈渐增强的发展格局,且区域入境旅游经济非均衡发展趋势仍将持续。基于上述研究结论,针对长江经济带入境旅游经济的持久有序发展提出相应建议。     

干旱区盐渍化土地梨园覆草效应研究

在河西走廊中部沙区,分别于1997年5月、1998年5月和7月,给梨园树行覆宽1 m,厚15~20 cm麦草。观测土壤含盐量、湿度、温度、有机质、树下杂草和梨树根系在土壤中的分布、1 a生枝的生长量。树行内覆草降低了0~30 cm土层的K⁺ + Na⁺、Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-的含量。当土壤含水量较小时,0~10 cm覆草土壤含盐量随气温的变化趋势与未覆草土壤相似,但变化幅度小;土壤含水量较大时,覆草土壤含盐量与气温呈负相关。随着覆草时间的延长,单位时间内土壤有机质增长率相对减小。0~60 cm覆草土层根系的分布量为未覆草的2.67倍,覆草有利于梨树地上部分的生长。覆草初期,树行内的1 a生杂草增加;随着覆草时间的延长,1 a生杂草减少;梨树行覆草18个月后,1 a生杂草和多年生杂草数量分别为未覆草的8.6%和77.8%。在河西走廊,果园覆草可选在5月至8月初。     

一种基于小波变换的GPS基线求解算法

在分析ＧＰＳ相位观测粗差,周跳及随机噪声的小波变换特性基础上,提出了基于小波变换的ＧＰＳ相位粗差探测及小波滤波算法,并提出了基于波滤波的ＧＰＳ基线求解算法,该方法能缩小模糊度搜索空间,提高整数模糊度解的有效性。     

青藏高原山地系统动力学模型研究

以地球系统科学为研究思路。研究了青藏高原山地系统各圈层相互作用的统一构造动力模型、力学模型和数值模拟等。关于青藏高原山地系统动力学特征。主要研究高原山地系统现今构造应力场演化特征和高原山地系统统一构造动力模型。认为均起源于喜马拉雅运动期印度一欧亚板块碰撞引发的统一的板块汇聚动力体系和各圈层与之相应的一系列运动学和动力学过程。关于青藏高原山地各圈层力学系统描述，主要把山地各圈层块体质点作为一个力学系统来描述。求解速度向量、位移向量、密度场、温度场、应力张量等物理量和状态空间。最后求解运动方程。关于青藏高原山地系统的非稳定性问题。将给定的载荷历史分成许多小的增量步。对每一个增量步求解一个非线性边值问题。使用失稳量准则判断山地系统的稳定性。关于青藏高原山地各圈层多体系统力学描述。青藏高原是由多圈层多块体不同物质结构组成的。皆可用若干塑性、流变体、流体和弹性组成的系统模型予以有效地描述。主要研究内容有：高原山地系统碰撞隆升的分类和现象、山地主动碰撞构造体特性和山地被动碰撞体(靶体)特性等力学模型。文中初步分析和推断了演变的历史与现状。探讨了青藏高原隆升的动力学过程。     

海浪外观统计与内部结构关系的数值研究

基于数值模拟的三维随机海面,从时间域和空间域两个角度对海浪的外观特征和内部结构间的关系进行了研究,得出了一些在工程应用上有参考价值的结果.文章认为,将波面看作是若干随机正弦波叠加的海浪结构模型,用于描述平稳、均匀和窄谱的海况时,其频谱分析结果与外观统计结果基本上是一致的;但是,当海面处于谱宽度较大的风浪或混合浪状态时,一些频谱分析结果必须经过修正才能应用.同一海况下,海面波动的时间过程和沿主波向的空间分布是明显不同的.当海面有突发性大浪时,外频谱能够很好地反映不平稳海况,而频谱则把这种不平稳性平滑了.文章着重讨论了波长和波陡的计算、频谱和外频谱的差异.     

国际大通道建设对云南旅游业的影响及对策

云南省构建“通江达海、连接周边”的国际大通道,将改变云南交通基础设施的落后面貌、充分发挥云南连接中国与东南亚、南亚的天然通道的区位优势,对包括旅游业在内的云南经济社会的发展产生深远影响。云南旅游业将面临机遇和挑战。云南旅游业应勇敢面对挑战,采取以下对策:(1)与国际大通道建设结合,统筹规划沿线旅游业的发展;(2)加强旅游与交通的结合;(3)加强同其它邻近省份、国家的旅游合作;(4)提高人口的旅游意识和综合素质;(5)打造旅游精品,优化旅游产品结构;(6)加强生态环境和民族文化的保护。     

沙尘暴形成史初步研究——中国沙漠几个典型地质学记录的实证

以位于沙漠黄土边界带的榆林、阿羌和米浪沟湾地层剖面为典型例证 ,讨论了 110 0kaBP以来中国沙漠沙尘暴的形成、发展和演化过程。提出在过去的 110 0ka中该区总共记录了 4 2个沙尘暴时期 ,并与 4 1个间沙尘暴时期构成比较连续且交替进行的一系列沉积演化历史。其中 ,最强烈的沙暴期发生时间大致在 6 2 0kaBP和 6 80kaBP前后 ,最温暖的间沙尘暴期出现在 5 90～ 5 0 0kaBP和15 0～ 70kaBP。研究认为 ,110 0kaBP以来因沙尘暴期与间沙尘暴期交替出现而形成的沉积旋回 ,是自那时以来在冰期、间冰期气候波动影响下冬夏古代季风相互对峙、交替演化形成气候旋回的结果     

IAGC and IAEA Interlaboratory Comparisons of Geothermal Water Chemistry: The Propagation of Uncertainty in the Reservoir pH Calculation

A statistical evaluation of the results of geochemical analyses of geothermal waters during interlaboratory comparison programmes of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was performed to estimate the uncertainty of measurement of pH, electrical conductivity, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca2⁺, Mg²⁺, Li⁺, Cl^?, HCO₃^?, SO₄^2?, SiO₂ and B. The uncertainty of measurement was found to increase exponentially with decrease in value (concentration) for all the parameters except for pH, electrical conductivity and SiO₂ and was of the same order of magnitude as the concentrations for values of less than 1 μ ml^?1. There was an overall uncertainty of ± 2.5% in the measurement of pH and ± 30% in SiO₂. For all the other chemical species the uncertainty data were modelled by exponential curves. The sample IAEA14 was prepared by dissolving commercial reagents (i.e., represents a solution of known composition). Thus, the calculated values are considered to be the conventional true values for each chemical parameter. The difference between the measured mean of the data submitted by participating laboratories and the conventional true value for each parameter (i.e., bias of submitted measurements) for the species Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO₄^2? was ‐3.5, ‐1.1, ‐13.3, ‐53.6, ‐12.6 and ‐86.6%, respectively. The observed bias was of the same order of magnitude as statistical fluctuations (1s) for Na⁺ and K⁺, but significantly higher for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO₄^2?. Two methods, uncertainty interval and GUM (“guide to the expression of uncertainty of measurement”) were used to propagate uncertainty in the pH calculation of geothermal reservoir fluid. The application of the methods is illustrated by considering the IAEA10 and IAEA11 samples analysed in the interlaboratory comparisons as separated geothermal waters at atmospheric pressure.