Midlittoral polychaete communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: new information from the implementation of the Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) protocol and comparisons at local and regional scales

The aim of this study was to attempt to fill current knowledge gaps on midlittoral Mediterranean biodiversity at local and regional scales, by using benthic polychaetes as a model taxon. Two different data sets were analysed: (i) a quantitative data set from the two Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) study sites in Crete and (ii) a qualitative data set from multiple sites across the Mediterranean. At the local scale, the results provide evidence that (i) discrete species communities are formed in midlittoral Mediterranean habitats, which vary by geographical location and year, depending on the scale of observation; (ii) macrophyte coverage and Chl‐a are the only environmental variables associated, albeit weakly, with the above pattern; (iii) although naturally disturbed, the Cretan NaGISA sites do not seem to experience any anthropogenic stress; (iv) environmental heterogeneity and history seem to be much less important in shaping the polychaete communities than inter‐specific interactions; however, it is not possible to specify at this stage whether local or regional processes or even their interactions may shape the polychaete communities. At the regional scale, the results indicate that (i) the only factor that seems to be involved in the regional pattern is the identity of the study providing the data sets, which implies variability and bias in how research projects are carried out, from the sampling design through to data collection and analysis; (ii) the Cretan NaGISA sites may be considered as representative of the habitat in the Mediterranean, under certain conditions.     

Fragility analysis of low‐rise masonry in‐filled reinforced concrete buildings by a coefficient‐based spectral acceleration method

This study presents a seismic fragility analysis of low‐rise masonry in‐filled (MI) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using a proposed coefficient‐based spectral acceleration method. The coefficient‐based method, without requiring any complicated finite element analysis, is a simplified procedure for assessing the spectral acceleration demand (or capacity) of buildings subjected to earthquakes. This paper begins with a calibration of the proposed coefficient‐based method for low‐rise MI RC buildings using published experimental results obtained from shaking table tests. Spectral acceleration‐based fragility curves for low‐rise MI RC buildings under various inter‐story drift limits are then constructed using the calibrated coefficient‐based method. A comparison of the experimental and estimated results indicates that the simplified coefficient‐based method can provide good approximations of the spectral accelerations at peak loads of low‐rise MI RC buildings, if a proper set of drift‐related factors and initial fundamental periods of structures are used. Moreover, the fragility curves constructed using the coefficient‐based method can provide a satisfactory vulnerability evaluation for low‐rise MI RC buildings under a given performance level. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种顾及GNSS系统间偏差的伪距单点定位方法

对系统间偏差的成分和影响因素进行分析,发现各项改正后残余误差对系统间偏差估值的影响可归结为与卫星编号和广播星历更新相关。提出一种新的顾及参与解算卫星构成的系统间偏差估计方案,新方案能够在仅有4颗多模GNSS卫星可见时提供可靠的位置服务。     

Residual drift demands in moment‐resisting steel frames subjected to narrow‐band earthquake ground motions

This paper presents the main results of the evaluation of residual inter‐story drift demands in typical moment‐resisting steel buildings designed accordingly to the Mexican design practice when subjected to narrow‐band earthquake ground motions. Analytical 2D‐framed models representative of the study‐case buildings were subjected to a set of 30 narrow‐band earthquake ground motions recorded on stations placed in soft‐soil sites of Mexico City, where most significant structural damage was found in buildings as a consequence of the 1985 Michoacan earthquake, and scaled to reach several levels of intensity to perform incremental dynamic analyses. Thus, results were statistically processed to obtain hazard curves of peak (maximum) and residual drift demands for each frame model. It is shown that the study‐case frames might exhibit maximum residual inter‐story drift demands in excess of 0.5%, which is perceptible for building's occupants and could cause human discomfort, for a mean annual rate of exceedance associated to peak inter‐story drift demands of about 3%, which is the limiting drift to avoid collapse prescribed in the 2004 Mexico City Seismic Design Provisions. The influence of a member's post‐yield stiffness ratio and material overstrength in the evaluation of maximum residual inter‐story drift demands is also discussed. Finally, this study introduces response transformation factors, T_p, that allow establishing residual drift limits compatible with the same mean annual rate of exceedance of peak inter‐story drift limits for future seismic design/evaluation criteria that take into account both drift demands for assessing a building's seismic performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coping with water scarcity in Kashafroud G-WADI Basin,Iran: climate change or growing demands?

This paper assesses the various factors contributing to climate change in the region of the Kashafroud G-WADI Basin in Iran; quantifies the local impacts of climate change, especially local water scarcity; and simulates and discusses several proposed methods to combat these impacts. Hydrologic and climatic data are statistically analyzed and VENSIM modeling is used for various simulations of water resources in the basin. Results show that the natural climate changes affecting Kashafroud Basin include increased temperature, less rainfall, more frequent droughts, and changes in rainfall patterns, all of which are local symptoms of climate change in recent years. However, the most important challenge in the basin is the overexploitation of surface and groundwater resources to meet the growing water demands, especially domestic needs. Changes in land use, reallocation of water uses, groundwater depletion, and degradation of the quality of surface waters have all contributed to significant changes in the environmental features of this basin, and are the main reason why water demands now exceed the renewal capacity of the basin. Proposed response measures include reallocation of resources among different uses, inter-basin water transfers, drawing water from six small dams on the Kashafroud River, reducing groundwater extraction, and replacing groundwater extraction for agriculture by reuse of urban wastewater. This study concludes that although changes in global climatic parameters have altered environmental features in the basin, local factors, such as water utilization beyond the renewable capacity of the basin, are more significant in worsening the impacts of climate change.     

利用动态定位模块Track进行GPS单历元定位研究

在研究GPS单历元定位方法基础上,利用GAMIT GPS数据处理软件中的动态定位模块Track,分别得到了动船的运动轨迹和2011年3月日本地震发生后4个IGS站的位移量。实验结果表明：Track模块解算动态GPS数据能得到清晰的动船运动轨迹;采用TRACK模块解算地震发生时的GPS观测数据能够得到地震后的位移特征,且能有效探测主震发生时间。     

可持续发展代际公平的初步研究

可持续发展概念自诞生以来,已经越来越得到社会各界的关注,其基本思想已经被国际社会广泛接受,并逐步向社会经济的各个领域渗透,成为当今社会的热点问题之一。按照国际社会广泛接受的概念,可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要,又不损害后代人满足需要的能力的发展。显然,这里就提出了一个代际之间的关系问题。文章初步研究了可持续发展与环境冲突问题及代际公平的解决。     

微区分析在地质研究中的应用

微区分析是现代分析技术在地质研究应用中的一个重要领域。通过电子探针对矿物的微区分析，提供了矿床成因理论研究的新依据。本文以金银互化物的研究为例，讨论了在不同在因类型矿床中，金－银构成一个连续的类质同象系列，且变化是有规律可循，其微量元素的含量与该矿床成矿地质环境和相应的地球化学场有关，从而为找矿提供了新的地质信息，拓宽了寻找同类伴生元素矿床或发现新类型矿床的途径。     

放射性碳测年国际比对活动的初步结果

中国科学院地球环境研究所^14C实验室作为中国唯一的代表参加了第四届放射性碳测年国际比对活动(FIRI），取得了比较优异的成绩。初步分析了本届比对活动的测年结果，得出如下结论：不同的^14C测年方法对测年结果无明显的影响，不同现代碳标准的选择对大部分样品的测年结果有较明显的影响，而采用不同的本底物质仅对老年龄样品的定年有显著影响；加速器质诺测年法在各种^14C测年方法中最准确、精度最高，正逐渐成为国际^14C测年方法的主流。     

河北平原南部曲周地区河间洼地沉积若干特征及相关问题——对吴忱等问题的回答

河北平原南部曲周地区一河间洼地剖面中240cm,160cm和80cm深度处的AMS¹⁴C测年结果分别为10210±80aB.P.,8270±70aB.P.和6500±60aB.P.。由这3个测年数据和代用指标数据相结合推测的曲周地区全新世古环境状况及其变化与其他研究者在其他地区,尤为河北平原其他地区所获的结果是相同或相似的,并且在时间上是吻合的。由这3个数据推导的沉积物的埋深、厚度、堆积速率以及岩性等特征大都是这一剖面所处沉积环境和构造活动部位的反映,与前人有关河间洼地沉积的基本特征及其影响因素的阐述是相符的。充分认识河间洼地沉积物的特征,尤为其与河道沉积等的差别,对于更全面、深入地了解河流系统可能是有益的