Propagation in 3D spiral-arm cosmic-ray source distribution models and secondary particle production using Picard

We study the impact of possible spiral-arm distributions of Galactic cosmic-ray sources on the flux of various cosmic-ray nuclei throughout our Galaxy. We investigate model cosmic-ray spectra at the nominal position of the sun and at different positions within the Galaxy. The modelling is performed using the recently introduced numerical cosmic ray propagation code Picard. Assuming non-axisymmetric cosmic-ray source distributions yields new insights on the behaviour of primary versus secondary nuclei.We find that primary cosmic rays are more strongly confined to the vicinity of the sources, while the distribution of secondary cosmic rays is much more homogeneous compared to the primaries. This leads to stronger spatial variation in secondary to primary ratios when compared to axisymmetric source distribution models. A good fit to the cosmic-ray data at Earth can be accomplished in different spiral-arm models, although leading to decisively different spatial distributions of the cosmic-ray flux. These lead to different cosmic ray anisotropies, where even reproducing the data becomes possible. Consequently, we advocate directions to seek best fit propagation parameters that take into account the higher complexity introduced by the spiral-arm structure on the cosmic-ray distribution. We specifically investigate whether the flux at Earth is representative for a large fraction of the Galaxy. The variance among possible spiral-arm models allows us to quantify the spatial variation of the cosmic-ray flux within the Galaxy in presence of non-axisymmetric source distributions.     

基于WebGIS技术的耕地质量动态监测信息系统研究

结合国内外有关耕地质量动态监测的相关研究理论,设置了耕地质量动态监测的监测指标,研究了监测样点的选取和耕地质量综合指数的计算,并结合WebGIS技术,对耕地质量动态监测系统的结构、功能进行了初步设计,提出了系统的总体框架,并阐述了系统实现的关键技术,建立了基于WebGIS的耕地质量监测系统对耕地质量进行长期定位监测,以期为区域耕地质量保护工作提供一个可视化、便捷式系统实现方案。     

Simulation of hydraulic fracture propagation near a natural fracture using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

A virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) model developed to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fractures using the finite‐element method is formulated within the framework of the virtual internal bond theory (VIB) that considers a solid as randomized material particles in the micro scale, and derives the macro constitutive relation from the cohesive law between the material particles with an implicit fracture criterion. Hydraulic pressure is applied using a new scheme that enables simulation of hydraulically driven cracks. When the model is applied to study hydraulic fracture propagation in the presence of a natural fracture, the results show the method to be very effective. It shows that although the in situ stress ratio is the dominant factor governing the propagation direction, a natural fault can also strongly influence the hydraulic fracture behavior. This influence is conditioned by the shear stiffness of the fault and the distance to the original hydraulic fracture. The model results show that when the fault is strong in shear, its impact on hydraulic fracture trajectory is weak and the hydraulic fracture will likely penetrate the fault. For a weak fault, however, the fracture tends to be arrested at the natural fault. The distance between the fault and the hydraulic fracture is also important; the fault influence increases with decreasing distance. The VMIB does not require selection of a fracture criterion and remeshing when the fracture propagates. Therefore, it is advantageous for modeling fracture initiation and propagation in naturally fractured rock. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of Newtonian cooling on vertically propagating magneto-acoustic waves in a thermally conducting isothermal atmosphere (II)

In this article, we examine reflection, dissipation and attenuation of vertically propagating waves in an isothermal atmosphere under the combined effect of Newtonian cooling, thermal conduction and viscosity with a weak horizontal magnetic field. We consider the case in which the combined effect of viscosity and magnetic field is dominated by that of the thermal conduction and for small values of the Newtonian parameter. As a result, the atmosphere can be divided into three distinct regions that are connected by two transition regions. The lower and middle regions are connected by a semi-transparent barrier and the middle and upper regions are connected by an absorbing and reflecting barrier. In the connecting barriers the reflection and transmission of the waves takes place. The presence of Newtonian cooling effects on the adiabatic region, produces attenuation in the amplitudes of the waves and reduces the energy absorption in the transition regions. The reflection coefficient is determined in the lower and middle regions and the results are discussed in the context of the heating of the solar atmosphere.     

对流层折射对超视距雷达信号定位的影响

超视距雷达信号的精确定位对于提高超视距探测能力有十分重要的意义。但由于对流层中的折射效应，定位系统所测目标的仰角、距离等参量均存在一定的折射误差。主要分析对流层的折射效应对超视距雷达信号定位的影响，并且给出相应的折射误差图（仰角误差和距离误差）；此外，还针对3种不同的大气折射指数模型进行比较，得出折射误差对比图。     

Analysis of flood propagation changes in the Kienstock—Bratislava reach of the Danube River/Analyse des changements de propagation des crues dans le tronçon Kienstock—Bratislava du Fleuve Danube

Abstract

In the first part of this study, a flood wave transformation analysis for the largest historical floods in the Danube River reach Kienstock–Bratislava was carried out. For the simulation of the historical (1899 and 1954) flood propagation, the nonlinear river model NLN-Danube (calibrated on the recent river reach conditions) was used. It was shown that the simulated peak discharges were not changed significantly when compared to their historical counterparts. However, the simulated hydrographs exhibit a significant acceleration of the flood wave movement at discharges of between 5000 and 9000 m³ s^-1. In the second part, the travel time-water level relationships between Kienstock and Bratislava were analysed on a dataset of the flood peak water levels for the period 1991–2002. An empirical regression routing scheme for the Danube short-term water level forecast at Bratislava station was derived. This is based on the measured water level at Kienstock gauging station.     

计算机图像处理在增强华县地震构造遥感信息中的应用

由于地震构造的许多重要信息在卫片上显示往往比较隐晦，必须对其进行增强处理，以取得最佳的解译效果。本文以历史上曾发生过八级地震的华县地震构造带为例，讨论辐射增强、多波段频谱变换、空间变换假彩色增强、分类等计算机图象处理方法的若干功能，以及这些功能在不同背景条件下的处理效果，为分析该地区活动断裂、地质构造等提供了有意义的信息，也为这种处理手段在地震构造信息分析等方面的推广应用提供参考。     

客观新闻写作的原则

有许多原则严格限制西方报章记者的表达自由。这些原则禁止记者在报道新闻时加上自己的评论、判断、解释或推论，以确保新闻的客观性、可靠性的公正性。客观的新闻工作者懂得新闻的概念，遵循严格的中立原则，避免经济、宗教、政治或民族偏见。尽管如此，报章的编辑、经营者和老板却能左右新闻。他们可以决定是否发表，发表多少以及在哪儿发表某条新闻，这一情形及其他因素对新闻的客观性构成威胁。     

知识经济条件下的高校图书馆文献信息服务

知识经济时代文献信息资源是知识创新的源泉，信息服务业成为知识经济的先导产业。以高校高科技产业为例，说明了高校图书馆要立足于知识经济社会，只有拓宽文献信息服务的内容，同时为教学、科研服务，发展高科技产业。并对知识经济时代的高校图书馆文献信息服务提出了一些建议。     

国家标准《地理信息元数据》研制与实现若干问题

通过探讨国家标准《地理信息元数据》研制和实现的若干问题，包括标准的定位和适用范围、元数据的定义、内容、结构、分级，元数据的扩展，元数据专用标准制定、分层结构的应用与元数据标准实现，以及研制该国家标准策略考虑等问题，以便于对该国家标准能有更加深入地理解和更好地实施该标准。