Exploring urban commuting imbalance by jobs and gender

Previous findings support that distance matters for job access. Typically, long distances act negatively on job access either due to the lack of information about the opportunities or the cost (time, transportation, etc.). Disparities in job access are explained with the workers’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and their spatial condition. Nevertheless, job access was not fully explored in multi-dimensional ways because of data and computational limitations. Recently, the wealth of commuting data, combined with the growing capacity of computation and methodological development, enables us to examine more commuting pattern details than what existing data provide at an aggregate level. This study uses a disaggregate journey-to-work model on 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) commuting data to investigate access to job by gender and occupation, in a more localized context. To explore this varying degree of job access and associated explanation, we analyzed disaggregate commuting flows and ran a regression model on them. This study has three main objectives: (1) to disaggregate journey-to-work flows by gender and occupation to estimate the number of commute trips between census tracts, (2) to explore the variations in job access by gender and occupation, and (3) to draw relationships between job access and various worker’s situations. The results show the details of commuting patterns, suggesting that some occupations have more gender imbalance than others. Further, the findings indicate that the same demographic, socioeconomic and spatial conditions have different effects on workers, and the effect is related to the workers’ demographic-socioeconomic status in complex ways. Unlike conventional research in which a particular worker group is compared to a control group of opposite characteristics, our methodology makes it possible to examine an overview of all the job and gender groups, providing advantages in 2-way comparisons between gender and occupation groups beyond a conventional comparison between two groups. Therefore, our study adds an additional dimension to the conventional comparison.     

长江三角洲人口与经济的非均衡格局及其影响因素研究

人口与经济分布格局是反映区域差异的重要指标。结合不一致指数、重心方法及不均衡指数等对长江三角洲人口与经济的非均衡格局演变进行研究,并基于2000~2015年的面板数据回归对其影响因素进行实证研究。研究发现,长江三角洲人口与经济非均衡格局呈现相对稳定状况,但随着区域发展格局转变带来的人口与经济分布格局的差异化演变,区域人口与经济的整体非均衡性有所弱化。对人口与经济非均衡格局影响因素分析表明,不同时期人口与经济不一致指数影响因素存在差异,在始终受城市发展差异影响的同时也伴随着市场力量的趋强和政府影响的弱化。     

中国医疗卫生资源供给水平的空间均衡状态及其时间演变

为正确认识医疗卫生资源空间分布的现状,以医疗卫生资源空间均衡状态及其时间演变趋势为研究内容,采用中国338个地级市为研究样本,运用核密度估计、基尼系数及其分解和LISA时间路径分析等方法,构建国家-区域-市域3个层次的空间均衡分析框架,定量刻画医疗卫生资源空间均衡状态及其时间演变特征。研究结果表明,医疗卫生资源的空间分布正在走向均衡;医疗卫生资源供给水平在三大区域之间的交错程度较高且呈现逐渐增高的趋势;在东部沿海到中部地区的过渡地带存在集中分布的低低集聚区,即医疗卫生资源供给水平同样存在“京汕低谷带”。     

Racial Segregation in the (Post) Colonial City: The Case of Indonesia1

Urban society in colonial and early postcolonial Indonesia was stratified along ethnic and class lines. This stratification was given concrete shape in the urban residential landscape. Our article starts from the working hypothesis that under the impact of decolonization the changing social status system was reflected in a changing residential pattern. We offer empirical evidence to weigh the relative validity of the from-race-to-class-segregation thesis during colonization against the class-segregation-throughout-decolonization thesis. On the basis of our findings, we argue that the second thesis presents the more accurate depiction of urban society. Looking at spatial segregation, decolonization was characterized by continuity. Decolonization by itself was therefore insufficient to alter sociospatial inequality in postcolonial Indonesian cities.     

Comparing health status and access to health care in Canada’s largest metropolitan areas

Research has shown persistent inequalities in access to health care between and within sociodemographic groups and geographic areas. Yet much of what we know about geographical disparities in access comes from studies of regional and urban/rural contrasts, or from studies of intra-urban, neighborhood-level variations. We know relatively little about variations in access to primary health care across different urban areas, and whether such variations translate into differences among residents’ health. This study examines how health status and access to primary care vary across five of Canada’s largest cities, paying particular attention to populations that may be particularly vulnerable based on age and income. Across all outcomes, there was a consistently strong relationship with individual socioeconomic status. We show that city of residence is important for access to health care but not for health status. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for urban health-care policy and delivery, and impacts on health and access to care.     

Sundman surfaces and Hill stability in the three-body problem

Using the famous Sundman inequality, we have constructed for the first time the surfaces for the general three-body problem that we suggest calling Sundman surfaces. These surfaces are a generalization of the widely known Hill surfaces in the restricted circular three-body problem. The Sundman surfaces are constructed in a rectangular coordinate system that uses the mutual distances between the bodies as the Cartesian rectangular coordinates. The singular points of the family of these surfaces have been determined. The possible and impossible regions of motion of the bodies have been constructed in the space of mutual distances. We have shown the existence of Hill stable motions and established sufficient criteria for Hill stability of motions. Some of the astronomical applications are considered.     

Towards a new Index of Multiple Area‐Level Deprivation for Auckland,New Zealand

We explore the feasibility of developing measures of area deprivation from routinely collected administrative data for the Auckland Region, based on the Scottish Indices of Multiple Deprivation. Using data from national health, social development, education, and police databases, geospatial data providers and the 2006 Census, we developed seven domains of deprivation: Employment; Income; Crime; Housing; Health; Education; and Geographical Access, which were combined to create an overall Index of Multiple Area‐Level Deprivation.Small areas developed for this research (‘Lower Zones’) highlight variations in deprivation for domains separately and combined, and validate the indices using smoking prevalence data.     

Spatial inequality of foreign direct investment in China: Institutional change,agglomeration economies,and market access

The spatial inequality of foreign direct investment (FDI) can intensify uneven economic development. As globalization and economic transition proceeds, foreign investors are changing their behaviors in FDI location, based on institutional change and agglomeration effects. In order to reduce the inequality, this research employs spatial statistics and analyses to examine the change in the spatial inequality of FDI among regions and among prefectural cities, and uses regression models and spatial regime analyses to investigate factors influencing the inequality from 1990 to 2010. The spatial diffusion of FDI clusters from the eastern/coastal region to the interior shows the trend of FDI convergence among regions. However, increasing numbers of FDI clusters and hot spots show the increasing divergence among cities within three regions. Agglomeration effects have replaced institutional factors to become one of the most significant factors influencing the FDI inequality among cities. Additionally, special economic zones, coastal open cities, provincial capital cities, and development zones lost their advantages in FDI as more reforms set in. The spatial regime analyses further indicate the significance of market size in FDI in prefecture-level cities and the significance of agglomeration economies in FDI in capitals and municipalities.     

Income Inequality across Australian Regions during the Mining Boom: 2001–11

As mining expands throughout the world, a growing body of literature is focusing on the relationship between mining and well-being in locations where resource extraction occurs. Although many topics such as employment and migration have been researched, the impacts of mining on income inequality have received less attention from scholars. Income inequality is a highly debated topic and the Gini coefficient (GC) one of the most popular indicators used to measure and discuss it. In this paper we estimate GCs for all sub-State regions of Australia and analyse their changes during the ‘mining boom decade’ (2001–11) across mining and non-mining regions. Our results show that, on average, income inequality increased by around 4.8 per cent in mining regions, compared to 8.7 per cent in the average non-mining region. However, the results also show important variation in changes of GC across mining regions, suggesting that the industry is likely to affect the distribution of local incomes in different ways. The method we propose to estimate GCs for regional areas and the results obtained across mining and non-mining regions provide important insights for future research and for regional policy makers, especially those concerned with the socio-economic impacts of industries such as mining across regions.     

Created unequal: China's regional pay inequality and its relationship with mega-trend urbanization

The relationship between inequality and mega-trend urbanization in China is complicated. At least in the first two decades of economic reform, urbanization is one of primary drivers of rising inequality across the country. Using between-and within-group components of Theil's T-statistics measured across regions and sectors, this paper provides new estimates of the evolution of China's regional inequality during the reform period. We particularly analyze the associations between inequality and China's megacities-oriented urbanization strategy. We find that China's overall pay inequality started to rise rapidly in the early 1990s, that it peaked in 2008, with the between-provinces component peaking as early as 2002. Since 2008 overall pay inequality has decreased, with between-province and within inequality both showing steady declines. In these respects, the evolution of pay inequality in China mirrors the trajectory expected under the hypothesis of a Kuznets' curve.