结点虚流量法理论基础阐释及改进算法

含自由面的无压渗流问题本质上是一类非线性自由边值问题,固定网格的结点虚流量法在全域范围内不断扣除虚域流量贡献,从而使该问题得到求解。它具有网格依赖性小、出逸点收敛快等优点,但其内在理论基础尚未被完全揭示。通过引入互补型约束条件建立了结点虚流量法和Signorini型变分不等式提法的等价性桥梁,在此基础上引入过渡区放大系数 对自由面判别准则进行优化,并以砂槽模型试验为例进行验证。对比结果表明,优化后算法数值稳定性更好,计算结果与试验数据吻合度更高。研究成果为超大规模网格的渗控结构优化设计提供了有效分析手段。     

对欧拉矢量附加不等式约束的RELSM模型及其应用

借鉴选权拟合思想,对区域地壳运动的整体旋转和线性应变模型中欧拉矢量部分附加不等式约束,将区域地壳运动的欧拉参数约束到由多年观测资料确定的平均欧拉参数值附近,建立附有不等式约束的整体旋转和线性应变模型。对中国大陆构造环境监测网络在环渤海区域的近几期GPS观测速度场数据进行拟合分析,结果表明,本文方法通过不等式约束可适当增强块体整体运动趋势的平滑性,获得对速度场更高的拟合精度,可进一步增强模型的物理解释能力。     

Inequalities, institutions, and forest commons

This paper contributes to a growing literature on the commons that examines the relationship between inequality and commons outcomes. Our analysis of evidence on forest commons outcomes in 228 cases from South Asia (India and Nepal), East Africa (Kenya and Uganda) and Latin America (Mexico and Bolivia) suggests that local governance and collective action matter in shaping how socioeconomic inequalities affect forest conditions. In particular, we find that both inter-group and intra-group economic inequalities have consistently negative effects on forest outcomes, but that effectively functioning local institutions for collective action dampen the negative effect of inter-group inequality on forest outcomes.     

On the Lack of Asteroids in the Hecuba Gap

The lack of asteroids in the 2/1-resonance is explained by the global stochasticity of the solutions in the Sun-Jupiter-Saturn-asteroid model. The explanation is based on data obtained with Laskar's frequency map analysis and on simulations showing the decisive influence of Jupiter's orbit perturbations related to the "Great Inequality". This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

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基于不等式约束的磁共振信号T2谱多指数分解法及算法改进

磁共振地下水探测信号的弛豫时间T₂和振幅与地下岩石孔隙大小和地下水的含水量直接相关。目前,磁共振地下水探测方法中,信号的衰减特性由平均弛豫时间T^*₂来描述。然而,对于复杂的多孔介质组成的岩石结构,仅由T^*₂无法准确描述地下孔隙情况。详细研究了基于不等式约束的多指数分解法,进行了信号T₂谱的提取,并重新计算多指数形式下的信号初始振幅。结果表明：对比信号在不同采集时间下的T₂谱提取结果,延长信号的采集时间有助于T₂谱的准确提取;通过磁共振仿真信号计算并分析不同信噪比下的T₂谱提取结果,信噪比大于30 dB时相对误差平均值小于5%;进行算法改进,得到信噪比大于10 dB时相对误差平均值小于5%的结果,且幅值和T₂的相对误差平均值降低了约1/3。由此可知:采用多指数分解法能够获得磁共振信号的T₂谱,正则化技术和加权修正能够提高T₂谱的准确度和抗干扰能力;与单指数方式相比,采用多指数拟合能够更准确地恢复信号初始振幅。     

部分参数有非负约束平差模型的一种新算法

研究了部分参数带有非负约束的平差模型,提出了一种新的处理部分参数附有非负约束的平差方法。该方法是先将非负约束的最小二乘问题转换成凸二次规划问题,然后求其最优解。通过模拟实例说明,此算法可以很好地应用于实际测量中的平差计算。     

Ecological Modernization or Aristocratic Conservation? Exploring the Impact of Affluence on Carbon Emissions at the Local Level

Social scientists have debated how affluence impacts carbon emissions at the national level. We conduct an exploratory study at the subnational level to expose another dimension of the affluence–emissions debate. Based on the notion of aristocratic conservation, we hypothesize that affluence is positively related to carbon emissions from consumption activities but negatively related to emissions from production activities. We test these hypotheses using county-level data in the United States for the year 2002. A spatial regression analysis demonstrates that median household income is positively associated with consumption-based emissions; nevertheless, we find evidence of an environmental inequality Kuznets curve in the relationship between median household income and production-based emissions. This finding suggests that the wealthiest counties are able to displace certain types of emissions, specifically those related to energy and industrial production. We discuss the theoretical and political implications of these results.     

粤西沿岸海域潮汐特征

对粤西海域水东、湛江、硇州岛、南渡和海安验潮站各1年水位资料进行了调和分析及统计。结果表明:粤西海域北部湛江、水东、硇洲岛、南渡4站主要分潮为M_2、K_1、S_2和O_1,是不规则半日潮;而南部海安站主要分潮为O_1和K_1分潮,是不规则日潮。粤西沿岸各站浅水分潮和平均水位从北到南有减小趋势。在日潮不等方面,粤西沿岸验潮站都存在明显的日潮高、日潮时不等现象。日潮时不等总体上从北到南有降低的趋势,北部湛江、水东和硇州岛涨潮时间比落潮长1~1.5 h,南部南渡和海安两站涨、落潮时相差不大。另外,调和分析和经验公式不再适用于南渡站,南渡河入海口处堤闸工程是主要原因。这为粤西海域环境资源开发、航运活动等提供环境支持和保障。     

不等式约束Partial EIV模型的WHP拟牛顿修正解法及其精度评定的SUT法

提出一种确定不等式约束Partial EIV模型解及精度评定的新方法,在总体最小二乘准则下,将附有不等式约束的Partial EIV模型转换为标准最优化问题。采取WHP拟牛顿修正的SQP方法求解,并利用SUT法对参数估值进行精度评定,可以减小迭代次数、提高收敛速度,且精度评定方法简单有效。