Whose Norms Prevail? Policy Networks,International Organizations and “Sustainable Forest Management”

This article investigates the origin of international norms, arguing that one pathway is via the strategic action of sector-specific policy networks. Evidence is adduced from an examination of the contested norm of sustainable forest management (SFM). It is argued that a Canadian forestry policy network, under pressure internally and externally to demonstrate its environmental and social credentials, promoted an “economistic” SFM norm in regional negotiations known as the Montreal Process. The article outlines the policy network approach, applies it to the Canadian forest sector, and analyzes how a policy network centered in the Canadian Forest Service and the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers worked to have the network's preferred conception of SFM internationally endorsed. The article highlights the importance of investigating which social actors champion which international norms and encourages reflexive policymaking by calling into question the degree to which international norms actually reflect a genuine global consensus.     

Characterizing and understanding the variability of streamflow drought indicators within the USA

ABSTRACT

Low streamflow conditions can have adverse consequences for society and river ecology. The variability and drivers of streamflow drought indicators within the USA were investigated using observed streamflow records from 603 gauges across the USA. The analysis was based on two main approaches: (i) low-flow magnitude indicators, and (ii) streamflow deficit indicators. First, we examined how streamflow drought indicators vary spatially across the USA. Second, we used a data-driven clustering method to identify spatial clusters for each indicator. Finally, we assessed the association with regional climate drivers. The results show that the spatial variability of low-flow magnitude indicators is significantly different from the deficit indicators. Further, our clustering approach identifies regions of spatial homogeneity, which can be linked to the extreme regional climate drivers and land–atmosphere interactions. The influence of regional climate on streamflow drought indicators varies more between clusters than between indicators.     

某石油类污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的地球化学证据

生物降解地下水石油烃会改变地下水环境的水化学组成,因此可以通过分析污染晕中电子受体、生物降解代谢产物以及重要的地球化学参数量值变化获得生物降解的地球化学证据。本次在对某石油污染场地地质、水文地质条件、污染源污染方式调查基础上,根据地下水样测试结果,详细分析了地下水石油烃污染分布特征、污染晕中指示生物降解作用的电子受体、代谢产物以及重要地球化学参数的空间变化规律,研究结果表明:污染场地内存在氧还原、硝酸盐还原、硫酸盐还原等生物降解作用,其中硫酸盐还原是污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的优势反应; 在沿地下水流向上,TPH浓度、HCO₃^-浓度和碱度逐渐降低,Eh、电子受体(DO、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)浓度逐渐升高; 在垂直于地下水流向上,从中心向两侧各组分也呈相似的变化规律。     

湘东南炎陵横岗铅锌矿床地质特征及其找矿标志

横岗铅锌矿位于南岭东西向构造-岩浆成矿带东北缘。通过物化探剖面测量、地质填图、槽探、老隆调查等地质勘查工作,基本查清了炎陵横岗铅锌矿成矿地质特征,总结了矿床成因,认为其应属典型的中温热液裂隙充填型脉状铅锌矿床。在此基础上,预测该矿床具有中型规模找矿远景,并提出了下一步工作的重点区。     

陕西煎茶岭镍矿床控矿因素及找矿标志

陕西略阳煎茶岭镍矿位于勉略结合带上,成矿区带属勉略华力西—印支蛇绿杂岩Mn-P-Cr-Ni-Au成矿亚带之略阳金家河-汉中天台山锰磷镍远景区内;矿床成因为岩浆熔离-热液改造型,赋矿岩体为元古代(Pt3)变质(蚀变)超基性岩,早期含镍超基性主岩体是成矿基本场所,后期中酸性岩对超基性主岩体进行改造,总体上为低品位硫化镍大型矿床,伴生低品位Co。通过对矿床大地构造位置、岩体特征、矿体特征等分析,总结了矿床控矿因素及找矿标志特征,认为该矿床成矿作用主要受镁质超基性岩、构造破碎带控制,中酸性侵入岩提供了镁质超基性岩再造成矿所需的热动力。     

Regional geochemical indicators of large-sized silver polymetallic deposits in Daxing＇ anling Metallogenic Belt

如何利用地球化学填图数据来预测大型矿是当前面临的一个重要课题。文中利用大兴安岭地区1∶20万区域化探扫面数据和1∶100万中蒙边界地球化学填图数据进行综合研究。发现1∶100万地球化学编图圈定的地球化学省与矿集区存在十分密切的关系,1∶20万地球化学编图圈定的区域地球化学异常与大型矿存在对应关系。以大兴安岭3个大型银铅锌矿为例建立了预测大型矿的地球化学指标。大型银多金属矿具有Pb、Zn、Ag等3个以上元素异常在空间上相套合;异常具有3层以上套合结构,即地球化学省（〉500km2）包裹区域异常（〉100km2）,区域异常包裹局部浓集中心（n×10km2）;标准化综合异常下限大于4.5,异常衬度大于2.0。     

河南商城汤家坪钼矿地球化学异常特征及找矿标志

商城汤家坪钼矿是近年在大别山地区探明的一处大型钼矿床。该矿区地球化学异常特征研究表明，成矿元素含量变化与花岗斑岩体空间位置、岩石类型、蚀变特征密切相关；在三度空间内，地球化学异常的分布严格受斑岩体控制；Mo异常浓度分带清晰，其内带指示了钼工业矿体位置，中带反映了边界矿体和强矿化范围，外带反映了弱矿化和矿化蚀变范围。在对成矿地质背景、指示元素地球化学参数和地球化学异常特征分析研究的基础上，建立了地质、地球化学找矿标志。     

中国东北样带生态环境区划研究

从国内外生态区划、生态土地分类和生态-生产范式的研究和发展入手,从生态利用的角度出发,以生态要素区划为基础,依据自然生态因子(如:气候、地形地貌、植被、土壤)和人类活动(如:土地利用)的特点,运用经验判别法和RS与GIS技术进行生态环境综合区划,将中国东北样带分为5个生态环境区,命名方式采用地理位置+地貌类型+干湿状况+土地利用组合状况。即:长白山中低山湿润针阔混交林生态环境区、牡丹江-辽源低山丘陵湿润农林交错生态环境区、大青山-大黑山山前台地湿润半湿润农业生态环境区、松嫩平原半湿润半干旱农牧交错生态环境区、内蒙古高原东部草原干旱半干旱牧业生态环境区。     

中国非正规经济发展格局及与城镇化的关系——基于多指标多原因(MIMIC)模型的研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

非正规经济是世界城市化过程的普遍现象,关于它的发展态势及与城市化的关系是学界长期关注的重要问题。本文引入多指标多原因(MIMIC)模型估算中国非正规经济规模,在分析其发展空间格局的基础上,运用计量模型揭示了非正规经济与城镇化的动态关系。研究表明,2000年以来中国非正规经济不断增长,2008年后出现较快增长态势,2017年占GDP比例达到20.55%,非正规就业人员达1.59亿人。非正规经济的空间分布呈现西北-东南高、西南-东北低的不平衡特点。模型显示,中国非正规经济与人口城镇化水平存在倒U型关系,即非正规经济占整体经济的份额随城镇化水平的提高呈现先上升、后下降的变化过程,发生这一变化的城镇化水平临界值为72.48%。由此推断中国非正规经济占比还将伴随城镇化进程而继续上升,由于城镇化发展阶段的差异,不同地区的非正规经济发展态势将不同。非正规经济还受到经济发展阶段、产业结构、流动人口、国有经济和政府管制等因素的影响。本文有助于加深认识非正规经济的发展规律,为制定基于城镇化发展阶段差异的非正规经济政策提供理论依据。     

Primary study on evaluation index system for groundwater exploitation potentiality based on the niche theories

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.