区域可持续发展评价——以拉萨地区为例

本文依据区域可持续发展评价的理论模型和区域发展的目标体系 ,构建了拉萨地区可持续发展评价的指标体系 ,并对拉萨地区 4 0年来的发展历程进行了评价。评价揭示了拉萨地区社会经济发展水平不断提高、但自然环境对社会经济发展的支持能力却在持续下降的动态历程 ,并鉴明了人均耕地面积持续下降、草场退化、土地沙化、以生物质能源为主的能源消耗结构、居民收入差距增大、人口出生率高、人口文化素质较低等因素是拉萨地区发展的不可持续性因子。     

Regional comprehensive assessment on environment-health of China

The aim of the study was to assess the environment-health development in different regions of China. 175 indicators, such as average life expectancy at birth, emission intensity of waste gas, GDP etc. were chosen to describe various aspects of the environment, health and development of China. Of all the indicators, life expectancy can sufficiently reflect health situation of population. Consequently,life expectancy was identified as key indicator, and 42 out of 175 indicators were selected for establishing the environment-health indicator framework with three grades of integrative indices to assess the development of environment-health of China. Based on the hierarchical relation between various grades of indices, the comprehensive environment-health index was calculated and contributed to classify the environment-health situation of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China which were divided into five grades by four predefined limits. Comprehensive assessment indicates that the environment-health situation of the eastern and coastal areas is superior to that of inland which is the western regions with underdeveloped economy and rigorous natural condition.Especially, the Qinghai-Tibet and Yunnan-Guizhou plateaus in southwestern China are most vulnerable in the environment and population health. These fit in with the pattern of national socio-economic development, which fully shows that socio-economic context plays a dominant role in the improvement of envirnment-health in China     

Lacustrine stromatolites: Useful structures for environmental interpretation – an example from the Miocene Ebro Basin

The significance of stromatolites as depositional environmental indicators and the underlying causes of lamination in the lacustrine realm are poorly understood. Stromatolites in a ca 600 m thick Miocene succession in the Ebro Basin are good candidates to shed light on these issues because they are intimately related to other lacustrine carbonate and sulphate facies, grew under variable environmental conditions and show distinct lamination patterns. These stromatolites are associated with wave‐related, clastic‐carbonate laminated limestones. Both facies consist of calcite and variable amounts of dolomite. Thin planar stromatolites (up to 10 cm thick and less than 6 m long) occurred in very shallow water. These stromatolites represented first biological colonization after: (i) subaerial exposure in the palustrine environment (i.e. at the beginning of deepening cycles); or (ii) erosion due to surge action, then coating very irregular surfaces on laminated limestones (i.e. through shallowing or deepening cycles). Sometimes they are associated with evaporative pumping. Stratiform stromatolites (10 to 30 cm high and tens of metres long) and domed stromatolites (10 to 30 cm high and long) developed in deeper settings, between the surge periods that produced hummocky cross‐stratification and horizontal lamination offshore. Changes in stromatolite lamina shape, and thus in the growth forms through time, can be attributed to changes in water depth, whereas variations in lamina continuity are linked to water energy and sediment supply. Growth of the stromatolites resulted from in situ calcite precipitation and capture of minor amounts of fine‐grained carbonate particles. Based on texture, four types of simple laminae are distinguished. The simple micrite and microsparite laminae can be grouped into light and dark composite laminae, which represent, respectively, high and low Precipitation/Evaporation ratio periods. Different lamination patterns provide new ideas for the interpretation of microbial laminations as a function of variations in climate‐dependent parameters (primarily the Precipitation/Evaporation ratio) over variable timescales.     

甘肃北山和金川与铜镍矿床有关的超基性岩与全球板内环境超基性岩的对比:大数据研究的初步结果

在收集甘肃北山和金川地区与铜镍硫化物矿床有关的超基性岩数据的基础上,与GEOROC和PetDB两个数据库中的全球板内超基性岩数据进行对比,发现甘肃北山、金川地区与铜镍有关的超基性岩与全球板内超基性岩各元素平均值较接近(除稍富集LILE之外),而北山地区以高的Th/Nb和富集HREE与金川区分,同时Cu、Cs、Nb、Ta、Rb/Nb、CaO/REE等元素或元素比可作为甘肃北山和金川地区超基性岩是否含矿的重要地球化学标志。皮尔逊相关系数研究表明,虽然甘肃北山和金川地区与铜镍硫化物矿床有关的超基性岩的产出位置、形成时代及源区特征均不同,但是具有很高的地球化学相关性,而WPU(板内超基性岩)与WPUT(大陆溢流、大陆裂谷和板内超基性岩合并)及WPU中坐标值相近的数据相关性较差。WPUT内部本身相似性极差,但其平均值却与甘肃北山和金川地区的超基性岩相似性极高。同时,笔者选取了白石泉、石西、葫芦、黄山东等26个与铜镍硫化物矿床有关的超基性岩数据,与甘肃北山、金川铜镍硫化物矿床有关的超基性岩数据进行比对,整体显示出极高的相关性。因此我们推断与铜镍硫化物矿床有关的超基性岩在形成过程中虽受到其他地质作用的改造,但总体上具相似的地球化学特征。     

福建省南靖县南坑钼矿床地质特征及找矿标志

通过总结福建省南靖县南坑钼矿床的地质特征,认为该钼矿床为斑岩型钼矿床,钼矿体主要赋存于燕山早期花岗岩与文宾山组接触带,主要产在燕山早期花岗岩体内,受缓倾斜的石英脉和网脉状石英细脉控制,矿石类型为石英粗脉型和石英细脉型。该钼矿床具有弱磁异常,原生晕、次生晕异常发育,钼次生晕异常在深部见矿效果较好;与钼矿体关系密切的蚀变主要有云英岩化和硅化,找矿标志主要为燕山早期花岗岩、白楼—下楼断裂带、晚三叠世文宾山组、云英岩化、硅化及物化探异常,以上认识对区域寻找类似钼矿床具有参考价值。     

On balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios in the Cretaceous coals from Gates Formation, Western Canada, and their sequence-stratigraphic significance

Coal composition was investigated by means of photometric and maceral analyses on closely spaced lithotype-based strip samples over the full thickness of several paralic coal seams from the Cretaceous Gates Formation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The aim of this investigation was to test various methods of identifying accommodation trends in coal and use them to refine sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of continental sediments. Conventional sequence stratigraphy derives its subdivisions and significant surfaces from the records left by relative sea-level oscillations. These records either do not project into the continental realm, or are difficult to recognise in clastic non-marine sediments. Paralic coal seams have been selected to study this problem, because they are not entirely removed from marine influence and, compared with most inorganic deposits, coal has stored a greater wealth of information that can be analysed at a higher level of resolution. The study has led to the identification of five new surfaces with chronostratigraphic potential in the sequence-stratigraphic analysis of non-marine sediments. Two of these surfaces, called paludification surface (PaS) and terrestrialisation surface (TeS), occur at the bases of the investigated coal seams, while two other surfaces, referred to as non-marine flooding surface (NFS) and give-up transgressive surface (GUTS), form the tops of the coal. The fifth and probably most important new surface, called the accommodation-reversal surface (ARS), is independent of any particular facies and may either coincide with some of the other surfaces or occur separately. The proportion of detrital minerals has been used as the chief discriminator between different mire types and accommodation trends. Other useful indicators of mire type and peat dispersal have been the proportions of sporinite and inertodetrinite, as well as some derived maceral and/or mineral ratios, e.g., the groundwater influence index and the tissue preservation index. Isometamorphic variations of telovitrinite reflectance and fluorescence, as well as their coefficients of variation were also found to contribute to the identification of cyclic shifts between balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios. Some of these cycles, which are backed up by clastic stratigraphy, appear to correspond to the development of shallowing-upward and deepening-upward parasequences. Superimposed high-frequency, low-amplitude perturbations in the coal cycles relate to smaller-scale accommodation cycles of sub-parasequence level, not always recognised in non-marine strata. These sub-parasequence coal cycles do not always continue the shallowing-upward trend typical of conventional parasequences. Several coals were found to contain stacks of small-scale cycles with upward increasing accommodation signatures either in their lower or upper halves, or over the whole seam section.     

《山东国土资源》期刊基本计量指标的评价及对策

《山东国土资源》是国内外公开发行的,以报道最新地质调查及矿产勘查的地学类期刊.该文根据万方数据提供的历年期刊引证数据,科技期刊的评价方法及基本计量指标,对《山东国土资源》的期刊现状进行了分析与评价,认为期刊应建立健全符合实际的审稿流程,建立健全专家库制度,捕捉地学热点,并与科研人员保持深入有效的联系.     

新疆西昆仑塔什库尔干赞坎铁矿矿床地质特征初探

赞坎磁铁矿位于新疆喀什塔什库尔干自治县内,处在塔什库尔干陆块西部,属于沉积变质型热液矿床.区内含矿地层主要为古元古代布伦阔勒群,构造运动和岩浆活动十分发育.矿区内有7个规模较大的磁铁矿体,矿体一般长30~560m,宽6~84m,矿床矿石矿物单一,原生磁铁矿占全铁的5%~94%,矿区有明显的磁异常.可通过地层、磁化率异常,地表黄钾铁矾化、褐铁矿化的方法来寻找新的磁铁矿.     

莱州市大浞河铁矿矿床地质特征及找矿方向

大浞河铁矿赋存在古元古代粉子山群底部的小宋组层间破碎带内,该组地层是矿床主要的矿源层。根据论证后的工业指标对矿床进行重新圈定及评价,并对矿床地质特征、主要控矿因素、矿体赋存规律及找矿标志进行浅析,以利于矿山地质找矿工作的开展。     

中国大陆古地震研究的关键技术与案例解析(1)——走滑活动断裂的探槽地点、布设与事件识别标志

古地震研究的主要目标是识别或揭露地质地貌记录的大地震变形遗迹,确定大地震发生的时间、复发特征、同震位移量等参数。要实现这样的目标,探槽开挖地点能否完整记录晚第四纪发生的古地震事件、能否获取大量的测年样品以控制事件发生的年代、能否正确地识别这些事件等是关键,并直接关系到未来大地震危险性评价的可靠性。由于走滑断裂位移发生的特殊性,好的探槽研究地点并不普遍。文中在综合分析走滑断裂同震地表变形特征、影响因素的基础上,通过案例分析,总结出可能成为走滑断裂古地震研究和探槽开挖的候选地点,如洼地、盆地、槽谷、断塞塘、被同步位移连续错开的冲沟床、连续的坎前堆积地层和多级地貌面连续变形等。组合探槽或三维探槽应该是走滑断裂探槽布设的首选。跨断层微地貌位错、断错地层以及上覆更新地层、局部坎前堆积和裂缝充填堆积、不同地层单元沿断层面位移量的突然增加或降低、不同程度的弯曲变形、不同期次的古断塞塘(坑)堆积等,可以作为重要的事件识别依据。要降低古地震识别的不确定性,需要理顺研究程序,明确技术方案,逐一精心实施。认识和结论的得出需要反复推敲,并广泛讨论,同时需要注意细节以及各种信息的相互补充和印证。