Refinement Indicators for Optimal Selection of Geostatistical Realizations Using the Gradual Deformation Method

In the analysis of petroleum reservoirs, one of the most challenging problems is to use inverse theory in the search for an optimal parameterization of the reservoir. Generally, scientists approach this problem by computing a sensitivity matrix and then perform a singular value decomposition in order to determine the number of degrees of freedom i.e. the number of independent parameters necessary to specify the configuration of the system. Here we propose a complementary approach: it uses the concept of refinement indicators to select those degrees which have the greatest sensitivity to an objective function quantifying the mismatch between measured and simulated data. We apply this approach to the problem of data integration for petrophysical reservoir charaterization where geoscientists are currently working with multimillion cell geological models. Data integration may be performed by gradually deforming (by a linear combination) a set of these multimillion grid geostatistical realizations during the optimization process. The inversion parameters are then reduced to the number of coefficients of this linear combination. However, there is an infinity of geostatistical realizations to choose from which may not be efficient regarding operational constraints. Following our new approach, we are able through a single objective function evaluation to compute refinement indicators that indicate which realizations might improve the iterative geological model in a significant way. This computation is extremely fast as it implies a single gradient computation through the adjoint state approach and dot products. Using only the most sensitive realizations from a given set, we are able to resolve quicker the optimization problem case. We applied this methodology to the integration of interference test data into 3D geostatistical models.     

甘肃省迭部刀扎—舟曲憨班一带金矿找矿新认识

迭部刀扎—舟曲憨班一带已发现金矿床(点)与桑坝推覆体构造前缘的采古逆冲断裂具有密切的关系。该断裂不仅控制了含矿地层、岩浆岩的分布,而且是区内重要的控矿、容矿断裂。有规模的金矿体一般产在岩体的接触带上。金矿化与硅化、黄(褐)铁矿化、黄铜矿化关系密切。由此而提出了在该区带进一步找矿的主要地质标志。     

福建福安上后洋叶蜡石矿床地质特征及找矿标志

福建福安上后洋叶蜡石矿呈似层状，赋存于晚侏罗世南园组中部火碎屑岩中，共发现有4个矿体，矿石可分为2种类型。即石英叶蜡石型和伊利石质叶蜡石型，以石英叶蜡石型为主，矿体明显受地层岩性控制，属火山热液顺层交代蚀变的似层状叶蜡石矿床。     

云南省兰坪县凤岩山铅锌铜多金属矿地质特征及成因探讨

凤岩山铅锌铜多金属矿位于兰坪断陷盆地中部,具有良好的成矿条件和找矿前景。文章通过对矿区地质背景条件、地质特征、地球化学异常特征、矿体特征、矿石特征的分析,推断矿床成因为后期热卤水为主改造叠加形成,属沉积一改造层控型矿床。     

铜陵矿集区块状硫化物矿床的二元结构特征

铜陵矿集区含金铜-硫-铁块状硫化物矿床,具有明显的地质地球化学二元结构性.与块状硫化物矿床的双层结构相对应,从下部浸染状-脉状矿化岩石到上部层状矿石,CaO、MgO、Fe2O3、FeO、Cu、Au、As等含量和δ18O、δ13C、δ30Si、Pb同位素逐渐增高,流体包裹体温度307.1℃→159.8℃和δ34S值逐渐降低.地质地球化学的二元结构特征,可以作为块状硫化物矿床找矿与勘探的重要标志.     

基于网络的可持续发展指标服务模式研究

中国可持续发展信息共享网经历了“九五”、“十五”国家计划的支持,已经集中了我国多部门、多领域的海量数据,实现了对外提供可持续发展数据信息共享服务模式;然而,系统目前只是针对用户提供数据信息服务,对于大多数非专业用户而言,一般多使用指标作为分析的数据源,难以直接使用系统中的数据进行综合分析,因此如何对数据进行有效的组织管理,实现数据库中数据到分析指标间的映射关系,是系统面临急需解决的问题;针对这一问题,提出了可持续发展数据库组织管理模式,针对可持续发展指标的特点,提出了固定指标与动态自定义指标概念,并根据两种指标的特点分别设计了相应的指标到数据的映射模式与存储方法,实现了系统由基于数据的服务转变为基于指标的服务模式,使用户能够更好地使用该系统进行可持续发展分析并提高系统数据的使用率。     

Potassium and Residue Management Options to Enhance Productivity and Soil Quality in Zero Till Maize–Wheat Rotation

Crop residue burning and imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers in intensive cereal–cereal rotations are present ecological threats in any agro‐ecosystem of the world. Therefore, identification of best suitable agricultural practices can be a feasible option. The present experiment was initiated in 2013 and consisted of four residue levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha^?1) and five potassium (K) levels (0, 50, 100, 150% recommended dose of K and 50%RDK+K solubilizing bacteria, KSB). Crop residue (CR) and K management significantly improve crop and soil quality associated parameters. Among the treatments, maximum increase in crop growth, physiological parameters, grain yield, quality aspects, and water productivity are recorded with the application of 4–6 Mg ha^?1 CR. Application of 50%RDK+KSB also significantly increases crop and soil related parameters. Soil quality indicators (bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and available micronutrients) do not vary significantly with CR and K management. Change in soil organic carbon status, soil enzymes, and potassium‐solubilizing bacterial count are significantly increased with 4–6 Mg ha^?1 CR and application of 50%RDK+KSB, and this is in accordance with correlation study carried out. Therefore, it is concluded that CR retention (4–6 Mg ha^?1) and reduction of inorganic K fertilizer by 50% and inoculation of KSB enhance the soil quality indicators and thereby improve crop growth, physiological parameters, grain yield, and quality aspects along with water productivity under zero till maize–wheat rotation.     

Evaluating indicators of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise along a historical marsh loss gradient

Sea level rise (SLR) is threatening coastal marshes, leading to large-scale marsh loss in several micro-tidal systems. Early recognition of marsh vulnerability to SLR is critical in these systems to aid managers to take appropriate restoration or mitigation measures. However, it is not clear if current marsh vulnerability indicators correctly assess long-term stability of the marsh system. In this study, two indicators of marsh stress were studied: (i) the skewness of the marsh elevation distribution, and (ii) the abundance of codominant species in mixtures. We combined high-precision elevation measurements (GPS), LiDAR imagery, vegetation surveys and water level measurements to study these indicators in an organogenic micro-tidal system (Blackwater River, Maryland, USA), where large-scale historical conversion from marshes to shallow ponds resulted in a gradient of increasing marsh loss. The two indicators reveal increasingly stressed marshes along the marsh loss gradient, but suggest that the field site with the most marsh loss seems to experience less stress. For the latter site, previous research indicates that wind waves generated on interior marsh ponds contribute to lateral erosion of surrounding marsh edges and hence marsh loss. The eroded marsh sediment might temporarily provide the remaining marshes with the necessary sediment to keep up with relative SLR. However, this is only a short-term alleviation, as lateral marsh edge erosion and sediment export lead to severe marsh loss in the long term. Our findings indicate that marsh elevation skewness and the abundance of codominant species in mixtures can be used to supplement existing marsh stress indicators, but that additional indices such as fetch length and the sediment budget should be included to account for lateral marsh erosion and sediment export and to correctly assess long-term stability of micro-tidal marshes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐度对滨海湿地盐地碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应分析

为探讨盐度对碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应,以滨海湿地盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)为研究对象,采用自然光照盆栽试验方法研究8种盐度(0(对照,CK)、5、10、15、20、25、30和35)对碱蓬幼苗的生理指标(株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖和蛋白质质量比)和反射光谱的响应。研究结果表明:盐度对碱蓬植株生理指标存在显著响应,低中盐度(0～25)对植株生长有促进作用,而高盐度(30～35)对植株生长起到抑制作用;25盐度下,碱蓬株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖质量比均高于其他盐度和对照组;不同盐度处理下的碱蓬植株蛋白质质量比均高于对照组;盐度对碱蓬反射光谱存在明显响应,碱蓬在绿光和近红外波段的反射率随着盐度的增加而逐渐减小;通过相关分析判断出碱蓬株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖和蛋白质质量比的诊断波段,分别是547、555、548、556、546和2 300 nm。碱蓬高光谱特征指数MTCI、MNDVI1、DCNI、TCARI/OSAVI和R546在不同盐度下存在明显差异,可作为盐分胁迫的高光谱响应诊断指标。分析盐度对碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应,可为深入研究碱蓬对退化滨海湿地生态修复具有重要参考意义。     

Post‐orogenic thermal history and exhumation of the northern Appalachian Basin: Low‐temperature thermochronologic constraints

Apatite fission‐track (AFT) thermochronology and (U‐Th)/He (AHe) dating, combined with paleothermometers and independent geologic constraints, are used to model the thermal history of Devonian Catskill delta wedge strata. The timing and rates of cooling determines the likely post‐orogenic exhumation history of the northern Appalachian Foreland Basin (NAB) in New York and Pennsylvania. AFT ages generally young from west to east, decreasing from ~185 to 120 Ma. AHe single‐grain ages range from ~188 to 116 Ma. Models show that this part of the Appalachian foreland basin experienced a non‐uniform, multi‐stage cooling history. Cooling rates vary over time, ~1–2 °C/Myr in the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, ~0.15–0.25 °C/Myr from the Early Cretaceous to Late Cenozoic, and ~1–2 °C/Myr beginning in the Miocene. Our results from the Mesozoic are broadly consistent with earlier studies, but with the integration of multiple thermochronometers and multi‐kinetic annealing algorithms in newer inverse thermal modeling programs, we constrain a Late Cenozoic increase in cooling which had been previously enigmatic in eastern U.S. low‐temperature thermochronology datasets. Multi‐stage cooling and exhumation of the NAB is driven by post‐orogenic basin inversion and catchment drainage reorganization, in response to changes in base level due to rifting, plus isostatic and dynamic topographic processes modified by flexure over the long (~200 Myr) post‐orogenic period. This study compliments other regional exhumation data‐sets, while constraining the timing of post‐orogenic cooling and exhumation in the NAB and contributing important insights on the post‐orogenic development and inversion of foreland basins along passive margins.