鄂西清江水布垭库区鹰嘴岩崩塌体成因机理分析

鹰嘴岩崩塌体为典型的逆向岩层崩塌,属于拉裂式崩塌,该崩塌的形成受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、大气降雨等因素的控制。由于崩塌体上部岩层和下部岩层坚硬,中间存在软弱夹层,构成了三明治式的地层岩性组合形式,这种地层岩性组合是造成鹰嘴岩崩塌体失稳的重要因素,另外,当大气降雨渗入危岩体裂隙,加速了崩塌的发生。本文对鹰嘴岩崩塌体地质环境条件及该崩塌体的成因机理进行分析,结果表明鹰嘴岩崩塌体目前处于不稳定状态,随着现存危岩体上裂缝的不断发展变化,鹰嘴岩崩塌体有再次发生崩塌的危险。     

根据蒙脱石的层间水化状态探讨南京仙林盆地的地面沉降及其趋势

引用B rown等和F itts等提出的蒙脱石层间水化状态修正的土壤孔隙率的计算方程,以此建立蒙脱石层间脱水作用所产生的次要地面沉降量的数学表达式,对位于山间沟谷型沉积盆地的南京仙林新市区可能产生的地面沉降量进行了模拟计算。结果表明:该地区由蒙脱石层间水部分释出而产生的次要沉降量为6.85 cm,估计该地区过去曾发生34~46 cm的地面沉降;如果蒙脱石残余层间水全部释出,那么该地区可能还存在96.47 cm的地面沉降。虽然96.47 cm的地面沉降在真实的外界环境下不可能实现,但对下一步地面沉降灾害的防治具有一定的警示作用。蒙脱石层间脱水作用及其对地面沉降影响的研究,对地面沉降趋势的预测具有启示作用。     

Power Spectra and Cospectra for Wind and Scalars in a Disturbed Surface Layer at the Base of an Advective Inversion

This paper reports power spectra and cospectra of windspeed and several scalars measured at two heights nearthe base of an advective inversion. The inversion hadformed over a paddy field downwind of an extensive dryregion. Winds over the paddy field were variable instrength and direction, as a result of convectivemotions in the atmospheric boundary layer passing overfrom the dry region upwind. Fetch over the rice waslarge enough that advective effects on the transportprocesses were small at the upper level and negligibleat the lower level. Results from the lower level areinterpreted in terms of a horizontally homogeneous,but disturbed, surface layer.Power spectra of longitudinal and lateral velocitywere substantially enhanced at low frequencies. Theresulting vertical motions added only a small amountto the spectrum of vertical velocity but this stronglyaffected scalar power spectra and cospectra. Thesewere all substantially enhanced over a range of lowfrequencies. We also found that differences in lowerboundary conditions cause differences among scalarspectra at low frequencies.Our analysis shows that the spectra and cospectra havethree components, characterized by different scalingregimes. We call these the ILS (inner-layer scaling),OLS (outer-layer scaling) and CS (combined scaling)components. Of these, the CS component had notpreviously been identified. We identify CS componentsof spectra by their independence of height andfrequency. Spectra with these characteristics had beenpredicted by Kader and Yaglom for a layer of theatmosphere where spectral matching between ILS and OLSwas proposed. However, we find that the velocity andscalar scales used by Kader and Yaglom do not fit ourresults and that their concept of a matching layer isincompatible with our application. An alternativebasis for this behaviour and alternative scales areproposed.We compare our decomposition of spectra into ILS, CSand OLS components with an extended form of Townsend'shypothesis, in which wind and scalar fluctuations aredivided into active and inactive components. Wefind the schemes are compatible if we identify all OLSspectral components as inactive, and all CS and ILScomponents as active.By extending the implications of our results toordinary unstable daytime conditions,we predict that classical Monin–Obukhovsimilarity theory should be modified. We find that theheight of the convective boundary layer is animportant parameter when describing transportprocesses near the ground, and that the scalar scalein the ILS part of the spectrum, which includes theinertial subrange, is proportional to observationheight times the local mean scalar gradient, and notthe Monin–Obukhov scalar scale parameter. The formerdepends on two stability parameters: the Monin–Obukhovstability parameter and the ratio of the inner-layerand outer-layer velocity scales. The outer-layer scalecan reflect disturbances by topographically-inducededdying as well as by convective motions.     

RESEARCH ON REBUILDING OZONE DYNAMIC SYSTEM OF ZONAL AVERAGE OVER THE TROPIC ZONE

The ozone data observed by TOMS in every 5°N are extended into the phase space to describe the characteristics of ozone with phase trace. First of all, the fractional dimension of the ozone layer is calculated. Then.the phase points are regarded as some discrete characteristics solution, and the parameters of mathematical model which describe the time variation of system state are retrieved, so that the nonlinear dynamic system which reflects the short-term variation of zonal average ozone layer over the tropics is rebuilt.     

X射线荧光光谱分析中不同价态硫对测定硫的影响及地质试样中全硫的测定

研究工作表明在粉未压片试样中，由于不同价态的硫所发射的Ｘ射线谱（ＳＫα和ＳＫβ）发生位移，Ｋα／Ｋβ谱线强度比不一致；以及粉未压片－ＸＲＦ测定硫的结果随保存时间的增长发生变化，导致了分析地质试样中全硫时的测定误差。提出采用熔融粉末压片法制样，试样中硫全部转化为硫酸盐硫，克服了谱线位移和试样不稳定问题，提高了全硫分析结果的准确性。     

南麂海域小风区风浪关系式

根据１９７０－１９８９年的实测资料，分析了南麂海洋站的风和浪，得到小风区风浪的关系式。这些关系式与水深因子无关。虽然它们带有经验的因素，但符合该区的实际情况，结果表明，在使用港工规范时它是有效的。     

IMO legislation and its implementation: Accident risk,vessel deficiencies and national administrative practices

The article takes as its point of departure the apparently contradictory findings in recent research about accident rates in shipping and IMO implementation records. It is argued here that although IMO conventions have probably greatly improved shipping safety, they cannot credibly be held to be the chief cause of reduced accident rates as claimed in a recent Marine Policy article, when the documented failures of flag state and port state implementation continue to leave vessels sailing with grave deficiencies. The present analysis posits and corroborates a cluster of linked tendencies that jointly undermine IMO implementation. The core problem is IMO’s weak connection to the national maritime administrations, leading to broadly discretionary practices, exacerbated by language difficulties. Adding new rules is no panacea, as new rules in some cases negatively affect the functioning of existing regulations, and sometimes seem motivated mainly to show political alertness. The structural weakness of the IMO/member state link is the core implementation problem that urgently needs to be dealt with if marine safety is to be improved. The concluding section proposes a reform to bring the IMO out of this conundrum and ensure effective implementation.     

Nonparametric Estimates of the Sea State Bias for the Jason-1 Radar Altimeter

The Jason-1 sea state bias (SSB) is analyzed in depth from the first year of GDR products. Compared to previous missions, this work benefits from two aspects of the empirical determination of the SSB from the altimetric data themselves. First, from a methodological point of view, a nonparametric technique (NP) has been developed and largely tested on TOPEX/Poseidon 1, GFO and Envisat data. The NP estimator has proven to be a useful tool in the SSB estimation, and it is now mature enough to be used for a refined analysis. On the other hand, the SSB can be extracted from three different data sets (crossovers, collinear data, and residuals) with different characteristics. It is then possible to cross calibrate various estimations of the SSB models and to determine the most accurate one. A systematic comparison is made between these different estimates for the Jason-1 altimeter. The collinear and crossover data sets yield very similar estimates despite their difference of spatial and temporal distributions. These SSB models assure consistency with the TOPEX mission when comparing Jason-1 and TOPEX residuals during the tandem phase. Thanks to the present work, the impact of the short wavelengths filtering on the SSB estimation is evidenced. More generally, our understanding of potential errors affecting the sea surface height and their impact onto the SSB estimation is also improved.     

Time-series measurements of Th in water column and sediment trap samples from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Disequilibrium between ²³⁴Th and ²³⁸U in water column profiles has been used to estimate the settling flux of Th (and, by proxy, of particulate organic carbon); yet potentially major non-steady-state influences on ²³⁴Th profiles are often not able to be considered in estimations of flux. We have compared temporal series of ²³⁴Th distributions in the upper water column at both coastal and deep-water sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea to coeval sediment trap records at the same sites. We have used sediment trap records of ²³⁴Th fluxes to predict temporal changes in water column ²³⁴Th deficits and have compared the predicted deficits to those measured to determine whether the time-evolution of the two coincide. At the coastal site (327 m water depth), trends in the two estimates of water column ²³⁴Th deficits are in fairly close agreement over the 1-month deployment during the spring bloom in 1999. In contrast, the pattern of water column ²³⁴Th deficits is poorly predicted by sediment trap records at the deep-water site (DYFAMED, 2300 m water depth) in both 2003 and 2005. In particular, the transition from a mesotrophic to an oligotrophic system, clearly seen in trap fluxes, is not evident in water column ²³⁴Th profiles, which show high-frequency variability. Allowing trapping efficiencies to vary from 100% does not reconcile the differences between trap and water column deficit observations; we conclude that substantial lateral and vertical advective influences must be invoked to account for the differences.Advective influences are potentially greater on ²³⁴Th fluxes derived from water column deficits relative to those obtained from traps because the calculation of deficits in open-ocean settings is dominated by the magnitude of the “dissolved” ²³⁴Th fraction. For observed current velocities of 5–20 cm s⁻¹, in one radioactive mean-life of ²³⁴Th, the water column at the DYFAMED site can reflect ²³⁴Th scavenging produced tens to hundreds of kilometers away. In contrast, most of the ²³⁴Th flux collected in shallow sediment traps at the DFYFAMED site was in the fraction settling >200 m d⁻¹; in effect the sediment trap can integrate the ²³⁴Th flux over distances 40-fold less than water column ²³⁴Th distributions. In some sense, sediment trap and water column sampling for ²³⁴Th provide complementary pictures of ²³⁴Th export. However, because the two methods can be dominated by different processes and are subject to different biases, their comparison must be treated with caution.     

一类具有等式约束的带乘性噪声系统的最优滤波算法

针对动态数据处理领域观测方程中存在乘性噪声的情况,提出在乘性噪声系统中状态附等式约束的一套滤波算法。该算法首先通过把观测向量进行扩维,然后基于投影定理进行滤波求解得到基于线性最小方差的最优滤波算法。通过与基于最优化理论的方法求解得到的算法进行对比分析及仿真对比验证了该算法的有效性。