用双线偏振雷达研究云内粒子相态及尺度的空间分布

本文用中国科学院兰州高原大气物理研究所平凉雷达站的Ｃ波段双线偏振雷达的层状云、对流云的观测资料，结合不同粒子的生长规律及对Ｃ波段雷达波的散射特性的研究，用ＺＤＲ参量系统分析并解释了层状云、对流云内粒子相态及尺度的空间分布规律。从中发现：在发展旺盛的对流云中ＺＤＲ＞３．０ｄＢ的区域经常会延伸到４ｋｍ以上，这些区域可能存在过冷水滴和扁状冰相粒子，而这些粒子的存在与对流云的发展有一定的关系。零度层以下层状云ＺＤＲ的突增和实减反映了冰相粒子融化形成大雨滴然后大雨滴破碎的规律。冰雹云中负的ＺＤＲ与冰雹的取向和尺度有关。这一工作代表了中国双线偏振雷达最新研究成果，它证明了双线偏振雷达在研究云微物理机制方面优于普通雷达，双线偏振雷达为研究云的发展机制、人工影响天气指挥及效果检验提供了新的手段，这一结果也为该技术在中国的推广提供了有利的依据。     

Volcanic particle aggregation in explosive eruption columns. Part II: Numerical experiments

The goal of this paper is to determine the parameters that control the aggregation efficiency and the growth rate of volcanic particles within the eruption column. Numerical experiments are performed with the plume model ATHAM (Active Tracer High resolution Atmospheric Model). In this study we employ the parameterizations described in a companion paper (this issue). The presence of hydrometeors promotes the aggregation of ash particles, which strongly increases their fall velocities and thus their environmental impact. The tephra mass is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of hydrometeors during typical Plinian eruptions without interaction of external water. Ice is highly dominant in comparison to liquid water (> 99% by mass). This is caused by the fast column rise (> 100 m s^− 1 on average) to very cold altitudes. Most particles occur in the form of frozen aggregates with low ice content.The collection efficiency is governed by the availability of hydrometeors acting as adhesives at the particles’ surface in our study, and wet ash particles have a higher sticking capacity than icy ones. Therefore, aggregation is fastest during the eruption within the column when limited regions of liquid water exist and when particle concentrations are very high (of the order of 10⁵ cm^− 3). Increased humidity in the background atmosphere generally leads to enhanced ice formation, but shows only a weak influence on the aggregation process. First sensitivity studies showed, however, a significant increase of the liquid water fraction when considering salinity effects. The availability of water or ice at the particles' surfaces is also governed by the surface properties, the porosity and permeability of ash, which are not well established to date. Particle growth is significantly enhanced for greater differences in the sizes and fall velocities among particles, as gravitational capture becomes more efficient. Our experiments indicate a major influence of the erupted particle size distribution. First sensitivity studies show that electrostatic forces result in a significant enhancement of aggregated particles.The present exploratory study provides new insights into the sensitivity of the ash aggregation process to a number of key parameters. Our results indicate the need of further constraining particle composition, size, porosity, permeability, and surface properties at low temperatures by in situ observations in the laboratory and in the field. In addition further research on electrostatic aggregation would be desirable.     

双偏振天气雷达测雨误差及水凝物识别分析

利用北京2011年12次降雨过程的C波段双偏振天气雷达资料和自动站雨量资料,统计了不同雨强下的差分反射率因子ZDR、差分传播相移率KDP、相关系数ρhv值分布,重点对4种雷达测雨方程的测雨效果和误差进行了分析,并运用实例分析了双偏振产品在水凝物识别中的应用。得到了如下结论:①随着雨量的增强,ZDR、KDP和ρhv逐渐变大;冰雹对应的ZDR为负值,KDP比大雨大但小于暴雨;小雨到暴雨ρhv都超过0.90,冰雹的平均ρhv最小,仅为0.804。②对于4种雷达测雨方程,在小中雨时均高估了雨强,在大雨时均低估了雨强,但3种含KDP、ZDR的测雨方程比I-ZH方程的低估误差要小,在短时暴雨时,这3种方程的估测效果有明显的提高,4个方程中I-KDP-ZDR方程的估测效果最优,稳定性最好。③水凝物识别实例分析表明,利用双偏振产品可以更直接有效地判断冰雹等水凝物,能清晰地揭示出零度层亮带上下的水凝物相态并判断出零度层亮带高度。     

云凝结物平流输送对降水云系发展影响的数值模拟研究

大气动力学中"平流输送"是非常重要的宏观动力学过程,云凝结物的平流输送与降水云系的发展演变密切相关,它把宏观动力过程与各种云凝结物粒子的时空演变联系起来,云凝结物的平流输送可以增加或减少局地大气中云凝结物的含量,改变云凝结物的空间分布状况,影响云凝结物的微观物理过程,进而促进或抑制降水云系的发展演变.本文在数值模拟研究中.通过改变云凝结物平流输送的状况来研究宏观动力过程对云微观物理过程的影响,因而利用ARPS模式开展3个分别排除云凝结物水平平流输送、垂直平流输送和三维平流输送的敏感试验,进行关于云凝结物平流输送对降水云系发展演变影响的敏感性数值模拟研究.结果表明,云凝结物的平流输送对水汽比湿的影响很小.云凝结物的三维平流输送有利于增加降水云系中雪和霰的混合比含量,抑制云水、雨水和云冰混合比含量的增长.云凝结物的水平平流输送可以降低降水云系中云水和雨水的混合比含量,增加云冰和雪的混合比含量;云凝结物垂直平流输送的作用是增加降水云系中雨水、雪和霰的混合比含量,减少云与冰混合比含量.云凝结物三维平流输送效应的分析表明,云凝结物的三维平流输送主要通过调整云凝结物的微物理过程源汇项以及降水粒子(雨水、雪和霰)的下落末速项来改变降水云系中云凝结物的垂直结构;另外,雪的三维平流输送对雪本身的分布也有一定影响.     

双偏振雷达对一次水凝物相态演变过程的分析

联合利用3 GHz双偏振雷达RHI探测数据和温度廓线数据, 建立了云粒子相态反演的模糊逻辑算法, 算法采用Beta型成员函数, 成员变量包括:水平反射率因子、线性退偏比、差分反射率及温度0℃,-40℃对应高度, 反演出的相态包括毛毛雨、雨、低密度干冰晶、高密度干冰晶、湿冰晶、干霰、湿霰、小冰雹、大冰雹、雨夹雪和液态云滴等11种, 并利用雷达的连续探测数据对一次层状云降水过程中水凝物相态的演变情况进行了分析, 得到如下结果:初始阶段层状云相态呈现分层结构, 从上至下依次为高密度干冰晶、湿冰晶和液态云滴; 初始阶段云体中的回波大值区核心区域为大的冰相粒子, 其余部分为液态粒子; 在初始到成熟阶段演变中, 回波大值区上部液态粒子逐步向冰相转化; 消散阶段云中零度层亮带逐步消失, 零度层以上云粒子结构呈现高密度干冰晶包裹湿冰晶的情况。关键词:双偏振雷达; 模糊逻辑; 水凝物相态反演; 层状云降水过程; 水凝物相态演变     

Application of Radar Reflectivity Factor in Initializing Cloud-Resolving Mesoscale Model. Part Ⅰ： Retrieval of Microphysical Elements and Vertical Velocity

Assuming that cloud reaches static state in the warm microphysical processes, water vapor mixing ratio （qv）, cloud water mixing ratio （qc）, and vertical velocity （w） can be calculated from rain water mixing ratio （qr）. Through relation of Z-qr, qr can be retrieved by radar reflectivity factor （Z）. Retrieval results indicate that the distributions of mixing ratios of vapor, cloud, rain, and vertical velocity are consistent with radar images, and the three-dimensional spatial structure of the convective cloud is presented. Treating qv saturated at the echo area, the retrieved qr is about 0.1 g kg^-1, qc is always less than 0.3 g kg^-1, w is usually below 0.5 m s^-1, and rain droplet terminal velocity （vr） is around 5.0 m s^-1 in the place where radar reflectivity factor is about 25 dBz; in the place where echo is 45 dBz, the retrieved qr and qc are always about 3.0 g kg^-1, w is greater than 5.0 m s^-1, and vr is around 7.0 m s^-1. In the vertical, the maximum updraft velocity is greater than 3.0 m s^-1 at the height of around 5.0 km, the maximum cloud water content is about 3.0 g kg^-1 above 5 km and the maximum rain water content is about 3.0 g kg^-1 below 6 km. Due to the assumption that the cloud is in static state, there will be some errors in the retrieved variables within the clouds which are rapidly growing or dying-out, and in such cases, more sophisticated radar data control technique will help to improve the retrieval results.     

偏振雷达在人工影响天气工作中的应用潜力

在人工影响天气作业时，实时了解被作业云中的水成物粒子大小、相态、密谋、运动等参数及其微物理变化过程是非常重要的。这些微观参量和微物理过程揭示了云降水发展的不同阶段，对于及时正确地评估云增水及消雹潜力，确定是否适合人工影响作业以及如何正确选择作业时机、作业部位和作业量，与了解云的宏观特征一样是至关重要的，它是提高作业效率的基础。本文借助国内外偏振雷达应用研究中成功的范例，探讨了偏振雷达在人工影响天气方面的应用问题。特别是介绍了不同偏振雷达在识别云内水成物粒子的相态、密度，观测云内水成物粒子微物理变化过程，以及被作业云的作业效果评估等方面的方法。这些方法对于发展我国偏振雷达技术，促进偏振雷达在人工影响天气方面的应用和提高我国人工影响天气工作水平方面有很好的参考与借鉴作用。     

一次东北冷涡天气过程双偏振雷达降水粒子相态识别

本文利用双偏振天气雷达资料，对2019年6月7-9日辽宁地区一次东北冷涡强对流天气过程进行分析。分析了东北冷涡的演变过程以及双偏振雷达的偏振参量在降水粒子相态识别中的作用，研究了不同判别规则对模糊逻辑算法识别结果的影响。结果表明：双偏振雷达的偏振参量可以对水凝物的种类、空间分布、物理形态进行大致判断，但水凝物相态识别结果仍需细化。模糊逻辑算法在强回波区域的识别结果更准确，采用不同的判别规则得到的水凝物分类结果虽存在一定差异，但在大部分观测区域的分类结果基本一致，符合天气演变规律，能够为气象预报预警提供鉴别参考。具有广泛时间、空间适配性的模糊逻辑算法，仍需大量实测案例数据的验证与仿真。