互联网地理信息系统的分布式部件方法

地理信息具有分布式特征,这种分布式特征要求地理信息进行分布式组织和处理,互联网地理信息系统是互联网与地理信息系统的结合,以实现地理信息的发布和分布式实时分析处理及管理。互联风地理信息系统必须解决地理信息的分布式管理和处理问题。本文提出了处理互联网地理信息系统分布式地理信息的几种方法,并对其进行详细地阐述,尤其是互联网地理信息系统的分布式部件方法。分布式部件方法,包括同构分布式部件、异构分布式部件和     

Modeling Permeability Changes Caused by Hydrothermal Circulation

A new model for simulating porosity and permeability changes caused by sedimentary reservoirsdiagenesis is presented. Permeability is computed from changes in the mineral volume fractionsresulting from precipitation and dissolution of the rock-forming mineral as fluid flows throughvariable salinity and temperature fields. Its evolution is controlled by a power—law relationship,in which a weighting coefficient is assigned to clay minerals. This approach allows theincorporation of the widely observed influence of clay content on the porosity—permeabilityrelationship. A synthetic example is set up to analyze the sensitivity of the results to a set offour controlling parameters: the effect of the clay-weighting coefficient compared to the effectof the salinity gradient, temperature gradient, and exponent coefficient of the permeabilityevolution law. Using a large range of values for these parameters, the results show that theirinfluence is of equivalent magnitude in terms of permeability evolution rate. It also seemsthat the value of the clay-weighting coefficient affects the evolution trend: permeability mayincrease when the porosity decreases (and vice versa). The model is compared to the classicalapproach for which permeability is a function of porosity change only. Results display thestrong influence of even low values of the clay-weighting coefficient on the permeabilitychange. Consequently, the specific influence of mineral transfers on pore structure changes isa key parameter for modeling permeability changes and cannot be bypassed by the use ofsimple porosity—permeability evolution law.     

多孔介质中非均匀流动特性的染色示踪试验研究

通过土壤染色剂进行的4组试验,对不同介质结构条件下的水流和溶质非均匀运动规律,非均匀流动变异信息分布特征关系以及全局性非均匀流动示踪方法进行了研究。结果表明,即使在相对比较均匀的介质条件下,流动也表现出明显的非均匀特性;对数正态分布能够较好的反映水流的运动分布模式,相比水流运动,溶质的运动和分布规律明显不同,表现出更多的不确定性和变异性。     

用传输线模型法计算非均匀介质中的电场响应

介绍了一种非均介质中电场响应的数值模拟方法.传输线模型法是以惠更斯原理为基础,通过建立麦克斯韦方程中电场和磁场与传输线方程中电压和电流的等效关系,按时间步进的办法来模拟电磁场响应的一种电磁场数值计算方法.从一维介质中电场传播的物理过程出发,导出了点电流源情形下地质介质中电场响应迭代方程;编程计算了非均匀介质中的电场响应,其结果表明,用这种方法对非均匀介质中的电场响应进行数值模拟是行之有效的.     

渤南洼陷沙四上段非均质性储层“二步建模”方法及应用

渤南洼陷沙四上段油气储层非均质性明显,砂层薄且与泥质间层分布,储层分布规律和空间叠置关系复杂。储层主要受深水盐湖、扇三角洲、滑塌浊积扇、近岸浊积扇、远岸浊积扇五类沉积相控制。利用先进的GridStrat建模软件,采用特殊的"二步建模"处理方法,根据不同沉积相的储层参数分布规律,进行井间插值或随机模拟,建立了沉积相、岩性、孔隙度、渗透率和产能系数模型。沉积相模型显示出扇三角洲及浊积扇是砂体分布的主体,且分布范围广;岩性模型显示出不同岩类的分布受沉积相带、构造位置及不同物源控制。孔、渗模型显示沉积相带和岩性是决定储层孔隙度与渗透率发育程度的主控因素。孔隙度决定了储油气空间的数量,渗透率决定了储层产能系数的大小。产能系数模型显示出产能潜力区为浊积扇和扇三角洲的叠合分布区。研究结论对油田开发部署起到积极指导作用。     

视剖面图温压计研究进展评述

视剖面图温压计是目前定量估算变质温度和压力的主要方法之一。其理论基础为热力学平衡原理与质量守恒定律。利用内恰的热力学数据库和相应的成分-活度模型对特定成分体系进行视剖面图计算,可以正演模拟给定温度和压力条件下的矿物组合、矿物丰度及其成分,与实测岩石对比,可以准确获取岩石的形成温度和压力。在应用视剖面图温压计时,应选择受全岩成分影响小、且受退变质作用影响微弱的矿物成分;对于有成分变化的体系,应结合多种方法恢复有效全岩成分。文中通过视剖面图对KFMASH(K2O-Fe O-Mg O-Al2O3-Si O2-H2O)体系下不同矿物组合内多硅白云母硅含量及其等值线斜率的研究,认为多硅白云母硅含量及其等值线斜率主要由不同矿物组合内多硅白云母参与的契尔马克替换及纯转换端元反应中的主导反应决定,进一步深化了对变质过程中控制矿物成分变化的内部缓冲反应机制的理解,从而也可为选择和应用矿物温压计提供指导。因此,视剖面图方法是目前研究变质岩石形成条件及变质作用精细过程的最佳方法之一。     

非均匀下垫面陆面过程参数化问题研究进展

非均匀下垫面对陆面过程模式应用有着重要影响。若将下垫面一概视为均一,在很多情况下会影响模式模拟的准确性。本文详细介绍了目前非均匀地表陆面过程参数化的方法(Mosaic法、统计—动力法和其它方法),初步分析了这些参数化方法的缺陷,并简单探讨了陆面参数尺度转换问题,最后对今后研究的问题给出了建议,其中特别提出要寻找适当方法实现陆面物理量不同尺度间的转换。     

Long-term performance evaluation of zero-valent iron amended permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation – A mechanistic approach

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are used for groundwater remediation at contaminated sites worldwide. This technology has been efficient at appropriate sites for treating organic and inorganic contaminants using zero-valent iron (ZVI) as a reductant and as a reactive material. Continued development of the technology over the years suggests that a robust understanding of PRB performance and the mechanisms involved is still lacking. Conflicting information in the scientific literature downplays the critical role of ZVI corrosion in the remediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants. Additionally, there is a lack of information on how different mechanisms act in tandem to affect ZVI-groundwater systems through time. In this review paper, we describe the underlying mechanisms of PRB performance and remove isolated misconceptions. We discuss the primary mechanisms of ZVI transformation and aging in PRBs and the role of iron corrosion products. We review numerous sites to reinforce our understanding of the interactions between groundwater contaminants and ZVI and the authigenic minerals that form within PRBs. Our findings show that ZVI corrosion products and mineral precipitates play critical roles in the long-term performance of PRBs by influencing the reactivity of ZVI. Pore occlusion by mineral precipitates occurs at the influent side of PRBs and is enhanced by dissolved oxygen and groundwater rich in dissolved solids and high alkalinity, which negatively impacts hydraulic conductivity, allowing contaminants to potentially bypass the treatment zone. Further development of site characterization tools and models is needed to support effective PRB designs for groundwater remediation.     

胜坨油田坨28断块沙河街组二段储层非均质性定量研究

运用模糊数学方法计算非均质综合指数和计算渗透率非均质参数,对胜坨油田坨28断块沙河街组二段储层的非均质性进行了定量研究。结果表明：储层的层间,层内和平面非均质性强,随着开发注水的深入进行,非均质性有减弱趋势,但减弱幅度不大;各小层及其韵律层在不同开发时期的非均质程度有明显的差异。沉积微相控制储层非均质程度;成岩作用使非均质性复杂化;注采井网不完善,加剧了非均质性的差异性。研究成果在剩余油挖潜的应用中起到重要作用。     

Estimation of turbulent sensible heat and momentum fluxes over a heterogeneous urban area using a large aperture scintillometer

The accurate determination of surface-layer turbulent fluxes over urban areas is critical to understanding urban boundary layer (UBL) evolution. In this study, a remote-sensing technique using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was investigated to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes over a highly heterogeneous urban area. The LAS system, with an optical path length of 2.1 km, was deployed in an urban area characterized by a complicated land-use mix (residential houses, water body, bare ground, etc.). The turbulent sensible heat (Q H) and momentum fluxes (τ) were estimated from the scintillation measurements obtained from the LAS system during the cold season. Three-dimensional LAS footprint modeling was introduced to identify the source areas ("footprint") of the estimated turbulent fluxes. The analysis results showed that the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes for the highly heterogeneous urban area revealed reasonable temporal variation during daytime on clear days, in comparison to the land-surface process-resolving numerical modeling. A series of sensitivity tests indicated that the overall uncertainty in the LAS-derived daytime Q H was within 20%-30% in terms of the influence of input parameters and the non-dimensional similarity function for the temperature structure function parameter, while the estimation errors in τ were less sensitive to the factors of influence, except aerodynamic roughness length. The 3D LAS footprint modeling characterized the source areas of the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes in the heterogeneous urban area, revealing that the representative spatial scales of the LAS system deployed with the 2.1 km optical path distance ranged from 0.2 to 2 km2 (a "micro-α scale"), depending on local meteorological conditions.