Diurnal Variations of Hydrochemistry in a Travertine-depositing Stream at Baishuitai, Yunnan, SW China

Diurnal variations of hydrochemistry were monitored at a spring and two pools in a travertine-depositing stream at Baishuitai, Yunnan, SW China. Water temperature, pH and specific conductivity were measured in intervals of 5 and 30 min for periods of 1 to 2 days. From these data the concentrations of Ca²⁺, HCO₃⁻, calcite saturation index, and CO₂ partial pressure were derived. The measurements in the spring of the stream did not show any diurnal variations in the chemical composition of the water. Diurnal variations, however, were observed in the water of the two travertine pools downstream. In one of them, a rise in temperature (thus more CO₂ degassing) during day time and consumption of CO₂ due to photosynthesis of submerged aquatic plants accelerated deposition of calcite, whereas in the other pool, where aquatic plants flourished and grew out of the water (so photosynthesis was taking place in the atmosphere), the authors suggest that temperature-dependent root respiration underwater took place, which dominated until noon. Consequently, due to the release of CO₂ by the root respiration into water, which dominated CO₂ production by degassing induced by temperature increase, the increased dissolution of calcite was observed. This is the first time anywhere at least in China that the effect of root respiration on diurnal hydrochemical variations has been observed. The finding has implications for sampling strategy within travertine-depositing streams and other similar environments with stagnant water bodies such as estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, pools and wetlands, where aquatic plants may flourish and grow out of water.     

秦岭以南地区降水量变化及其灾害效应研究

近年来气候变化诱发的灾害效应损失严重。利用秦岭以南地区1951-2001年28个站逐月降水资料,计算了降水量的线性趋势值及降水距平变化,分析了降水量的时间和空间演变特征。受地形影响,秦岭南北与东西降水量变化差异较大,西部大于东部,南坡多于北坡,季节性降水过程差异也很明显;年平均最大降水量为1 254.6 mm,出现在镇巴,最少降水量为690.7 mm,出现在丹凤;50年来降水量变化呈减少趋势,平均递减率为56.5 mm/10 a。分析表明,降水突变是触发其它灾害的主要因素。由强降水及连阴雨诱发的干旱、洪涝及地质灾害效应损失严重,在降雨强度达200 mm/d以上的区域成为泥石流、滑坡灾害,水土流失的多发区,主要分布在秦岭以南多暴雨中心的米仓山、大巴山、佛坪、商南及洛南一带。降水诱发的灾害效应与人类活动也密切相关,这些研究为未来防灾减灾和环境治理提供了依据。     

瞬态瑞雷波法在工程检测中的应用研究

本文简要介绍了瞬态瑞雷波法的工作原理,野外观测及数据采集系统,并总结出了资料处理解释流程图,同时从工程实践出发,探讨了该项新技术应用于高速公路建设中的优点,存在问题及未来发展趋势。     

斜坡稳定性分析的模糊综合评判应用初探

采用两级模糊综合评判方法，在对评判实例的稳定性因素的定性分析基础上，选取主要因素四类１４项作为稳定性评价指标并将其定量化，按稳定，较稳定，较不稳定和不稳定四个级别进行综合评判，评判结果与斜坡的实际情况有较好的一致性。     

锰矿石脱硫产物处理含铜废水动态实验研究

氧化型锰矿石脱硫产物含大量硫化锰,利用这种材料装填固定床进行净化水中铜离子的动态试验.在材料粒径0.45～0.9mm、进水pH=5.8、进水滤速4.58 m/h条件下,1 t锰矿石脱硫产物可以处理923 tρ(Cu~(2+))=50 mg/L的含铜废水,出水ρ(Cu~(2+))<0.5 mg/L,低于国家一级排放标准.控制进水pH在4～9之间、降低进水滤速、采用较小粒径的材料有利于提高锰矿石脱硫产物处理含铜废水的容量.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)对材料和产物进行表征,证明锰矿石脱硫产物去除水中铜离子是基于离子交换反应的原理.     

Water Self-Softening Processes at Waterfall Sites

Many rivers in tropical and subtropical karst regions are supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and have high water hardness. After flowing through waterfall sites, river water is usually softened, accompanied by tufa formation, which is simply described as a result of water turbulence in fast-flowing water. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments are designed to simulate the hydrological conditions at waterfall sites. The influences of air-water interface, water flow velocity, aeration and solid-water interface on water softening are compared and evaluated on a quantitative basis. The results show that the enhanced inorganic CO2 outgassing due to sudden hydrological changes occurring at waterfall sites is the principal cause of water softening at waterfall sites. Both air-water interface area and water flow velocity increase as a result of the "aeration effect", "low pressure effect" and "jet-flow effect" at waterfall sites, which greatly accelerates CO2 outgassing and therefore makes natural w     

青海木里地区地表水环境质量简评

木里地区地处青藏高原的高寒地区,属于生态缺水区。运用综合污染指数法对该地区的地表水环境质量做出了初步评价,结果表明：该区挥发酚的污染指数为0.40,污染分担率为57.2%,远高于其它指标,但其含量〈0.002mg/L,基本无污染;其它污染物污染等级均属于清洁级;水质基本达到地表水环境质量Ⅲ级标准。随着木里煤田煤炭资源的开发利用,该地区的水环境质量和水体生态环境有污染的趋势。提出了建设小型调蓄、引水工程,加强点源和面源污染管理的防治对策及建议。     

钻井设备老化过程及规律的探讨

本文通过对钻机老化过程及规律的探讨，找出了一种方便而有效衡量钻机老化程度的数量指标，用以定量地度量钻机老化程度，为钻机发挥最佳经济效益起到一定的作用。     

北麓河多年冻土区降水及河水稳定同位素特征分析

为了进一步全面理解和探索青藏高原水文水循环过程,采用同位素方法并结合气象资料对青藏高原北麓河区域2011年6~12月降水和河水稳定同位素时空特征进行分析。探讨了北麓河降水同位素与日平均气温、降水量之间的相互关系,同时也对比分析了北麓河降水和河水的同位素变化特征。结果表明:北麓河降水同位素在整个观测期内总体受温度控制,但存在季节变化,其中6~9月降水同位素受到温度和降水量效应的共同控制,9月以后则主要受温度的影响。河水同位素与降水同位素相似的变化特征,体现了降水补给特征,另外降水量也能够影响河水同位素变化:降水量小则降水对其影响较小,反之则大。与北麓河降水线相比,河水δ18O~δD关系的斜率和截距偏大,揭示该区域河水除了受大气降水的补给外,还受到区域水体内循环和蒸发分馏作用的影响。     

GIS支持下的土壤重金属污染预测预警研究

面对日益严重的土壤重金属污染问题,必须采用快速高效的方法对污染趋势做出预测预警。本研究建立了土壤重金属污染预警模型和土壤重金属污染超标年限预测模型,并在GIS技术支持下,开发了基于ArcView GIS的预警预测程序模块,实现了对土壤重金属污染的预警预测。最后以北京市及其近郊区为实例,对该区重金属污染进行了预警并对Pb元素超标年限进行了预测,取得了较好的预警预测结果。