"98.7"特大暴雨低涡的螺旋度和动能诊断分析

“98．7”特大暴雨过程与700hPa低涡切变线的强烈发展以及丰沛的水汽和强垂直运动密切相关。螺旋度的诊断结果揭示,与强暴雨区和切变线低涡相应的是一对符号相反而又紧邻的螺旋度带。它们的垂直结构是一对符号相反而又互伴的螺旋度柱;螺旋度及其诸分量的量级是相同的。这表明,垂直运动的水平切变和水平速度的垂直切变以及水平速度的水平切变对螺旋度有相同大小的员献,也意味着强垂直运动和低空急流对暴雨的发生和发展极其重要。动能的诊断结果显示。强动能区与暴雨区和低涡切变线有很好的对应关系,在中、低空的强动能中心也正是强降雨中心;动能最强的700hPa也是低涡切变线发展最强的层面。强动能及其强梯度区和强螺旋度区基本一致。表明强动能及其强梯度对螺旋度变率及其通量有重要贡献。     

Sediment contamination in floodplains and alluvial terraces as an historical record of gold exploitation in the Carmo River basin,Southeast Quadrilátero Ferrífero,Minas Gerais,Brazil

This paper describes the geochemistry of sediment samples placed in floodplains and alluvial terraces downstream from gold mines in the Carmo River basin, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The geochemistry signature Na₂O, K₂O, SiO₂, CaO, MgO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, P₂O₅, Mn, As, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ni, Cr, S, Co were analyzed in different facies from stratigraphic profiles. As, Cu, Zn, and Mn anomalies are mainly associated with the clayed facies deposited in floodplains and oxbow lakes, and with coarse‐sediment facies deposited in the channel. The facies were accumulated by the gold exploitation activity in the region. The contamination of As, Cu, and Zn was controlled by minerals such as iron oxides and hydroxides (hematite, magnetite, and mainly goethite), manganese oxides, and sulfide‐rich minerals. The As‐bearing sediments of the region characterize one of the most As contaminated area of Brazil. Their main source is associated with gold exploration in the last three centuries.     

Variation characteristics of heavy metals and nutrients in the core sediments of Taihu Lake and their pollution history

The sedimentary environment change, trophic evolution and heavy metals pollution history of the northern Taihu Lake in the last 100 years are studied according to the sedimentary geo-chemical proxies of the core sediments, such as grain size, nutrients, heavy metals, diatom, etc. The nutrients in the sediments depended mainly on the lake internal circulation and the heavy metals were from natural geogenic sources before the 1920s, which were not influenced by human activities generally, and grain size was one of the key factors influencing heavy metals content in the sediments. The alternation of manner and strength of human activities in Taihu Lake catchment before and after the 1920s made the lake sediments coarser, and hence heavy metals and TP content decreased contrasted with that before the 1920s. TP content in sediments and water increased from the 1950s to late 1970s due to anthropogenic pollutants discharge, and the lake belonging to mesotrophic state. TN and TOC content and C/N ratio increased due to the increasing external pollutants into Taihu Lake by human activities, TP content also increased obviously in water and sediments, and the diatom association was dominated by eutrophic species since the late 1970s, indicating the eutrophication state of Taihu Lake in this period. Meanwhile the increasing in heavy metals content, such as Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, and their proportion of valid fractions in the sediments indicates that they all result from human pollutants since the late 1970s. The heavy metals in the surface sediments have certain potential biological toxicity due to the higher SEM/AVS ratio.     

东沟特大型斑岩钼矿床的物化探找矿效果

对河南东沟钼矿床的区域物化探成果进行整理、研究,运用物化探资料循序渐进地揭示出钼矿床的空间分布规律。东沟特大型钼矿床的发现,不仅为我国的钼矿产业今后几十年的稳步发展将产生深远的影响,而且为在东秦岭—大别山钼成矿带进一步运用物化探作为充分必要手段,为寻找更多的钼矿资源提供了难得的成功经验。     

副高边缘暴雨的多普勒雷达回波特征

利用常规观测资料和多普勒雷达探测资料，对2003-2004年湖南省4次副高边缘暴雨的天气形势和雷达回波特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：4次暴雨过程的副高位置适当，高空有低槽，中低层有低空急流和低涡切变线，地面上有冷锋。在基本反射率图上，低槽暴雨有S-N向的窄带回波特征、冷式切变线暴雨有准W—E向的积层回波特征、暖式切变线有NE—SW向的积层回波特征，但每一次暴雨过程不尽相同。在多普勒速度图上常出现低空急流、冷暖平流、冷锋、逆风区以及高层大风核等特征，并常是几种特征同时出现，有利于强降水产生。     

一次大暴雨过程低空急流脉动与强降水关系分析

应用香港天文台提供的时空分辨率都非常高的风廓线雷达资料对深圳2005年8月19—20日大暴雨过程强降雨时段进行了详细分析。结果表明，风廓线雷达资料每小时风场揭示每次强降水的发生都对应一次西南急流的迅速加强和向下扩展。低空急流指数I可以说明低空急流的脉动向地面扩展程度与中小尺度降水的密切关系，对强降水的出现及雨强大小有一定的预示性。     

基于“配料”的梅雨锋强降水预报方法

在梅雨锋暴雨预报中应用“配料法”，通过降水量的基本公式解释了强降水形成的基本配料，给出了建立配料的基本步骤，同时，通过一次暴雨个例分析，具体阐述了“配料法”在梅雨锋暴雨预报中的应用。结果表明，基于暴雨等强对流天气形成物理机理认识的基础上，所选取的可降水量等动力、热力因子与暴雨有着较好的对应关系，通过分析以上关键物理因子建立的过程，可以给出暴雨潜势预报。     

福建省热带气旋暴雨落区完全预报方法

通过分析近几年影响和登陆福建省的热带气旋区域暴雨过程的T106部分物理量场的分布特征,发现其中的k指数、比湿q、涡度ζ和垂直速度ω场对预报福建省热带气旋区域暴雨有较好的指示意义,它们分别反映了产生暴雨所必须的水汽、不稳定能量和辐合上升运动等基本条件。为了提高暴雨落区预报的效果,提出以动态方式确定物理量临界值的方法作热带气旋暴雨落区预报。通过对1995~2001年7~10月的144个个例T106物理量场的普查和统计分析,得到福建省热带气旋区域暴雨预报的着眼点和物理量诊断模型,建立了应用T213数值预报模式输出的物理量预报场,以动态方式确定物理量临界值,作为福建省热带气旋区域暴雨落区预报的完全预报(PP)方法。     

广西暴雨卫星云图与热带流场变化综合预报方法

利用卫星云图资料结合热带风场的变化,采用分级客观定量的计算方法,得到影响关键区内的云系像素值大小和云顶亮温。同时,结合该关键区内热带风场的变化,对云系是否影响广西进行预测,判断其对暴雨范围、强度、持续时间的影响程度,从而作出暴雨过程的预报。经过对1996~2002年4~9月169例暴雨个例的资料统计分析表明:在广西大范围暴雨过程中80%的云系叠加在西南风急流之上。云顶亮温在-70℃以下的云系像素值达到500时,就有大范围暴雨天气过程的可能。此结果应用到日常预报业务中,对提高暴雨预报准确率有较大帮助。     

广西大范围暴雨期间孟加拉湾强对流演变及东移特征

分析1980~2002年主汛期(5~7月)广西锋面型大范围暴雨期间孟加拉湾对流云团演变及与之相应高低空环流变化,结果表明:孟加拉湾强对流在广西暴雨发生前3天发展最为旺盛,受孟加拉湾低槽引导,对流云团爬上中南半岛进入广西,当其与高原东移的云团相结合时再次发展,造成广西大范围暴雨。分析200 hPa高度场和流场结果表明:当广西暴雨发生时,孟加拉湾、中南半岛及广西受200 hPa南亚高压控制。分析850 hPa水汽通量矢量场结果表明:广西锋面型暴雨发生时,从孟加拉湾到广西上空有一西南气流的水汽输送带,广西暴雨水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾。