The characteristics of sea fog with different airflow over the Huanghai Sea in boreal spring

Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002, the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis, and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow. According to the heat balance equation, we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths. The major results are summarized as follows. (1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog. The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April, while increases as high as 57% in May. (2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified. They are originated from the northwest, east, southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea, respectively. The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%, while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%. (3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport, longwave radiation cooling at fog top, solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces. (4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection, and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.     

西太平洋热通量变化及其与中国夏季降水量异常的联系

利用EOF方法分析了1951～2008年间西太平洋湍动热通量的时空特征,并探讨了中国夏季降水异常与同期西太平洋潜热通量时空格局的联系.结果显示,西太平洋潜热和感热通量距平场具有较相似的空间分布以及显著的年际变化,但潜热通量的变化幅度较感热通量大;潜热通量距平场的空间变化存在明显季节差异.冬季潜热通量变化的显著区域位于黑潮流域,而夏季则见于西太平洋暖池区.冬、夏季潜热通量除了具有准4a振荡周期外,还存在着明显的线性增强的长期变化趋势.进一步分析表明,夏季西太平洋潜热通量变异主要存在着偶极型、同一型和三极子型模态,其时间系数分别具有显著的准4a、准2a和29a的周期变化,它们分别对应着不同的中国夏季降水量异常的分布,而大范围的潜热通量负异常则与中国江淮流域大部和华北北部地区的降水偏多相对应.这为中国降水量的异常及机理研究提供了必要基础.     

极区通量观测系统及其在国际极地年(IPY)全球协同观测中的应用

本文对极区通量观测系统作了介绍,在国际极地年(IPY)全球协同观测中,极区通量观测系统在南极中山站进行了连续14个月的观测。结果表明,中山站年净辐射通量为12.9 W/m2。感热通量夏半年(10～2月)为正值,冬半年(3～9月)为负值,年平均1.9 W/m2。潜热通量全年都为正值,年平均11.2 W/m2。总体而言,地表通过净辐射获得热能,又通过感热和潜热方式向大气输送。观测得到的CO2通量全为负值,年平均为-0.031 mg/m2,表明南极中山站是CO2汇。     

Recent changes in the North Atlantic circulation simulated with eddy-permitting and eddy-resolving ocean models

Three eddy-permitting (1/4°) versions and one eddy-resolving (1/12°) version of the OCCAM ocean model are used to simulate the World Ocean circulation since 1985. The first eddy-permitting simulation has been used extensively in previous studies, and provides a point of reference. A second, improved, eddy-permitting simulation is forced in the same manner as the eddy-resolving simulation, with a dataset based on a blend of NCEP re-analysis and satellite data. The third eddy-permitting simulation is forced with a different dataset, based on the ERA-40 re-analysis data. Inter-comparison of these simulations in the North Atlantic clarifies the relative importance of resolution and choice of forcing dataset, for simulating the mean state and recent variability of the basin-scale circulation in that region. Differences between the first and second eddy-permitting simulations additionally reveal an erroneous influence of sea ice on surface salinity, dense water formation, and the meridional overturning circulation. Simulations are further evaluated in terms of long-term mean ocean heat transport at selected latitudes (for which hydrographic estimates are available) and sea surface temperature errors (relative to observations). By these criteria, closest agreement with observations is obtained for the eddy-resolving simulation. In this simulation, there is also a weak decadal variation in mid-latitudes, with heat transport strongest, by around 0.2 PW, in the mid-1990s. In two of the eddy-permitting simulations, by contrast, heat transport weakens through the study period, by up to 0.4 PW in mid-latitudes. The most notable changes of heat transport in all simulations are linked to a weakening of the subpolar gyre, rather than changes in the meridional overturning circulation. It is concluded that recent changes in the structure of mid-latitude heat transport in the North Atlantic are more accurately represented if eddies are explicitly resolved.     

热休克蛋白22结构和功能研究进展

热休克蛋白22(HSP22)是唯一在体外能以单体形式存在的小分子热休克蛋白(sHSP),具有分子伴侣功能和激酶活性。HSP22高水平表达促进细胞凋亡而低水平表达抑制凋亡。除此之外,HSP22还在延长寿命、耐热和抗氧化等方面发挥作用。由于其独特的生物学功能,HSP22正成为当今研究热门对象之一。近年来,HSP22在医学方面的研究已取得显著进展,其在海洋生物学方面的研究价值也逐渐得到重视。本文综述了近年来HSP22结构和功能及其在医学和海洋生物学上的研究进展。     

2006～2007年北部湾海-气热通量变化特征

用2006年夏～2007年秋在北部湾获得的船测气象资料,由块体公式计算了海-气通量.结果表明:北部湾春、夏季节获得热通量,而秋、冬季节失去热通量.春季通过湍流交换造成的热通量对海面热平衡的贡献最小,其次是夏季、冬季和秋季.在年平均尺度上感热通量和潜热通量分别占净辐射通量的7.4%和77.4%,15.2%的净辐射热量通过海洋过程消耗掉.感热通量随海-气温差的加大而增大,而与风速之间呈现复杂的非线性关系.海-气温差增加1 ℃,感热通量增加6.7～12.7 W/m2;较大的感热通量(>30 W/m2)容易出现在5～10 m/s风速条件下.潜热通量与风速和相对湿度呈明显的相关关系:风速增加1 m/s,潜热通量增加约18 W/m2,而相对湿度下降1%会导致6 W/m2潜热通量的增加.     

基于卫星遥感影像的南昌市城市热岛效应研究

分析了城市热岛效应研究的关键技术,采用了地表发射率对亮度温度进行订正的方法,尽可能地消除地表覆盖等对地表温度反演的影响,利用1989和2000年的LandsatTM／ETM＋数据,实现了南昌市城区及其周边区域的城市热岛效应的评价。     

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An individual-based population dynamic model for estimating biomass yield and nutrient fluxes through an off-shore mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farm

The fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through an off-shore long-line Mytilus galloprovincialis farm during a typical rearing cycle were estimated by combining a simple population dynamic model, based on a new individual model, and a set of field data, concerning the composition of the seston, as well as that of mussel meat and faeces. The individual model, based on an energy budget, was validated against a set of original field data, which were purposely collected from July 2006 to May 2007 in the North-Western Adriatic Sea (Italy) and was further tested using historical data. The model was upscaled to the population level by means of a set of Monte Carlo simulations, which were used for estimating the size structure of the population. The daily fluxes of C, N and P associated with mussel filtration, excretion and faeces and pseudo-faeces production were integrated over the 10-month-long rearing cycle and compared with the total amount of C, N and P removed by harvesting. The results indicate that the individual model compares well with an existing literature model and provides reliable estimations of the growth of mussel specimen over a range of trophic conditions which are typical of the Northern Adriatic Sea coastal area. The results of the budget calculation indicate that, even though the harvest represents a net removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from the ecosystem, the mussel farm increases the retention time of both nutrients in the coastal area, via the deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces on the sea-bed. In fact, the amount of nitrogen associated with deposition is approximately twice the harvested one and the amount of phosphorus is approximately five times higher. These findings are in qualitative agreement with the results of literature budget and model calculations carried out in a temperate coastal embayment. This agreement suggests that the proper assessment of the overall effect of long-line mussel farming on both the benthic and pelagic ecosystem asks for an integrated modelling approach, which should include the dynamic of early diagenesis processes, as well as of that of nutrients released from the surface sediment.     

厦门港湾地区填海造地活动的热岛效应分析

基于Landsat TM遥感影像第六波段对厦门市1993年和2006年填海区域的热环境进行了反演,通过相对亮温指标和TR对城市热岛的空间分布进行了描述.对比1993～2006年填海区域城市热岛分布得出:2006年与1993年相比,填海区域温度平均升高了0.55个城市热岛等级,从填海前的绿岛转变为弱热岛;填海前的水面、湿地对于城市热岛起到缓解作用,填海工程对城市热岛的形成起促进作用.