江西冰雹、大风与短时强降水的多普勒 雷达产品的对比分析

为发挥多普勒天气雷达监测和预警冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气的作用，制作出精细化的临近和短时预报，选取了江西8次典型的强对流天气过程，从7个方面对冰雹大风和短时强降水两类强对流天气的多普勒天气雷达回波特征进行对比分析。结果表明：江西省冰雹、雷雨大风过程45～55dBz强回波平均高度为12．4km，达到或超过-25℃层的高度，比短时强降水回波高5．6km。弱回波区（wER）或有界弱回波区（BwER）、三体散射长钉、持续高垂直积分液态水含量、中气旋、下湿上干或强风垂直切变特征等都是冰雹天气的典型特征。而相对平均径向速度图上“S”型暖平流及表现强低空急流的“牛眼”、深厚的湿度层等，则是短时强降水的主要特征，这些特征可为两类强对流天气短时临近预报提供预报参考。     

雷达识别渭北地区冰雹云技术研究

通过对陕西渭北地区各雷达站观测的回波资料和地面降雹资料分析,得出了适合识别渭北地区冰雹云的7个指标。实际应用结果表明,识别效果良好,并可以做到提前识别,为防雹作业赢得非常宝贵的时间。     

冰雹云雷达识别方法及防雹作业经验

总结了辽宁省40余年人工防雹工作积累的成果和经验,归纳了3种类型冰雹云的雷达回波特征以及利用回波形态、回波参量和综合指标对其进行雷达识别的方法,并结合冰雹云数值模拟结果,总结了对具有液态水累积区的雹云、对超级单体冰雹云和对多单体冰雹云实施人工防雹作业的一些经验,对于各地的科学防雹作业具有参考作用。     

盛夏东北地区北部两次MCC活动云场和环境场特征分析

利用MICAPS2.0平台对东北北部连续2次中尺度对流复合体(MCC)的云图演变和环境物理量场特征分析,揭示了盛夏该地区MCC生成、发展的环境条件。结果表明:MCC发生在副高北侧深厚的高能舌、对流不稳定的气层中,500hPa东移短波槽是MCC的触发系统;高、低空急流和低层辐合场对MCC的生成和发展具有重要作用。     

车载移动测量系统在路面平整度评价中的应用

路面平整度关系到车辆行车的安全性、舒适度以及道路的使用寿命,是评定道路路面质量的主要技术指标之一。传统的分析方法大多数都是利用道路纵断面上离散点的高程信息来分析评价道路平整度,不过却存在着人力、物力消耗大,分析结果精度达不到标准的缺点。车载移动测量设备外业采集的激光点云数据包含了丰富的路面高程信息,完全符合路面平整度分析对于数据的要求。本文从激光点云数据中提取出道路纵断面上最大深度信息,进行路面平整度分析,取得了满意的效果。     

祁连山云特征参数及人工增雨研究进展与展望

综述了祁连山区云特征参数及人工增雨方面的主要研究成果,内容涉及祁连山区空中水汽特征、云量分布、不同云系分布特征、云光学特征、云降水机制、降水分布、人工增雨有利天气系统、催化机制以及人工增雨综合效益,有助于全面、深入了解祁连山区云降水物理和人工增雨机制。进一步对祁连山区综合应用多种观测资料,结合云数值模式,深入研究地形云结构及降水机制、定量化的人工增雨作业科学指标、播云优化技术、地形与垂直气流相互作用对天气系统影响等方面存在的问题进行了展望。     

可能降雹多普勒雷达产品特征指标分析

利用位于河北新乐的CINRAD-SA多普勒天气雷达产品,分析了河北中南部地区2D04年的8次冰雹过程,总结了一些冰雹天气的多普勒天气雷达回波特征指标.当回波强度大于等于50 dBz,回波顶高大于等于10 km,垂直累积液态含水量大于等于35 kg/m2时容易降雹,垂直累积液态含水量越大,冰雹直径越大.回波发展初期2～3体扫内,垂直累积液态含水量迅速增大,一般每个体扫增加10～30 kg/m2,这是冰雹独特的特征.冰雹指数为实心正三角时,大多有降雹.     

Recent progress in cloud physics research in China

A review of China cloud physics research during 2003-2006 is made in this paper. The studies on cloud field experiments and observation, cloud physics and precipitation, including its theoretical applications in hail suppression and artificial rain enhancement, cloud physics and lightning, and clouds and climate change are included. Due primarily to the demand from weather modification activities, the issue of cloud physics and weather modification has been addressed in China with many field experiments and model studies. While cloud physics and weather modification is still an important research field, the interaction between aerosol, cloud and radiation processes, which is the key issue of current climate change research, has become a new research direction in China over the past four years.     

Vertical Structures of Convective and Stratiform Clouds in Boreal Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Neighboring Regions

Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d^?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models.     

碘化银冷云催化的数值模拟研究

利用加入碘化银冷云催化模块的中尺度数值模式WRF对2014年5月9一11日发生在华北地区的一次降雨天气过程进行了增雨催化数值模拟研究。模式的催化参数根据实际增雨作业信息进行设置,探讨了增雨的效果和机理,并针对催化高度和催化剂量进行了两组敏感性试验。结果表明:在高度5~6 km,温度一20~一15℃左右的冷云区位置引入碘化银冷云催化剂可使地面降水量显著增加。地面增雨开始于作业后30 min左右,70 min左右达到最大,90 min后出现减雨,110 min后减雨效果大于增雨。增雨机制主要为:碘化银的播撤使融化层之上云中的过冷水含量显著减少,冰雪晶的含量增加,雨滴碰并雪的过程和雨滴捕获云滴的过程增强;增加的雪晶下落到暖区融化成雨滴的过程增多,最终造成地面降雨量的显著增加。从微物理过程的量级来看,雪晶粒子的融化是导致降水增加的最主要过程。不同催化高度和催化剂量的敏感性试验结果表明,针对这次过程在过冷云水丰富,温度较低而冰雪晶含量相对较少的高度进行催化效果较好。继续加大催化剂量,可以起到更好的增雨效果。