金元四大家治疗水肿用药规律分析

目的：研究金元四大家治疗水肿的用药规律。方法：收集金元四大家医学著作中治疗水肿的中药处方,利用WPS Excel 软件建立方药数据库,应用SPSS 20.0、IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0、Cytoscape统计软件进行中药的频数、性味、归经分析,对高频中药进行功效、因子、关联规则分析及核心中药网络分析。结果：共获得处方64首,中药120味。中药总使用频次为502次,高频中药16味,排前5位的中药依次为陈皮、茯苓、泽泻、白术、牵牛子。高频中药排前3位的功效依次为利水渗湿、峻下逐水、理气。中药四气以寒、温、平性为主,五味以苦、甘、辛味为主,归经以脾、肾、肺经为主。因子分析共得到中药组合类方5组。关联规则分析中,支持度最高的药对为茯苓-白术、茯苓-泽泻,药组为大戟-芜花-甘遂、甘草-茯苓-白术,泽泻-茯苓-白术,陈皮-茯苓-白术。核心中药网络分析得到2组核心组方。结论：金元四大家治疗水肿主要从脾、肾、肺三脏论治,病机以脾虚湿盛、湿热内蕴、气滞湿阻、肺失宣肃为主,治法以健脾化湿、培土制水、清热化湿、利水消肿、峻下逐水、泻肺利水为主,常用方剂有神佑丸、白术木香散、葶苈木香散、胃苓汤等。     

北太平洋海温异常与东亚夏季风相互作用的年代际变化

主要利用英国气象局提供的海温资料和ＮＣＡＲ／ＮＣＥＰ提供的４０年高度场及风场资料分析了东亚夏季风与北太平洋ＳＳＴＡ的关系，指出两者之间相互作用存在着年代际变化特征，７０年代中期以前，北太平海异常通过一大；圆波列作用于东亚夏季风，造成我国华北地区夏季降水偏多，７６年以后，北太平洋海温异常使大圆波列减弱，与东亚夏季风关系淡漠，不再影响华北降水。由此指出：影响东亚天气气候的海温关键区，并不总固定在某一海     

对日本9级地震的中期预测及其依据

对2011年3月11日发生在日本的9级大地震所做出的中期预测进行小结,并对所提出预测意见及其依据做了简要论述。预测地区在日本南部、台湾以及菲律宾一带;预测震级为8～8.3级;预测时间是今后几年;预测依据是青藏滇缅印尼歹字型构造体系。预测地震三要素与日本9级大地震三要素的对比结果表明,这一中期预测是基本正确的。     

Salinia revisited: a crystalline nappe sequence lying above the Nacimiento fault and dispersed along the San Andreas fault system,central California

Salinia, as originally defined, is a fault-bounded terrane in westcentral California. As defined, Salinia lies between the Nacimiento fault on the west, and the Northern San Andreas fault (NSAF) and the main trace of the dextral SAF system on the east. This allochthonous terrane was translated from the southern part of the Sierra Nevada batholith and adjacent western Mojave Desert region by Neogene-Quaternary displacement along the SAF system. The Salina crystalline basement formed a westward promontory in the SW Cordilleran Cretaceous batholithic belt, relative to the Sierra Nevada batholith to the north and the Peninsular Ranges batholith to the south, making Salinia batholithic rocks susceptible to capture by the Pacific plate when the San Andreas transform system developed. Proper restoration of offsets on all branches of the San Andreas system is a critical factor in understanding the Salinia problem. When cumulative dextral slip of 171 km (106 mi) along the Hosgri–San Simeon–San Gregorio–Pilarcitos fault zone (S–N), or dextral slip of 200 km (124 mi) along the Hosgri–San Simeon–San Gregorio–Pilarcitos–northern San Andreas fault system, is added to the cumulative dextral slip of 315–322 km (196–200 mi) along the main trace of the SAF north of the San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains, central California, there is a minimum amount of cumulative dextral slip of 486 km (302 mi) or a maximum amount of cumulative dextral slip of 522 km (324 mi) along the entire SAF system north of the Tehachapi Mountains. When these sums are compared with the offset distance (610–675 km or 379–420 mi) between the batholithic rocks associated with the Navarro structural discontinuity (NSD) in northern California, and those in the ‘tail’ of the southern Sierra Nevada granitic rocks in the San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains, central California, a minimum deficit of from ～100 km (～62 mi) to a maximum deficit of ～189 km (～118 mi) is needed to restore the crystalline rocks associated with the NSD with the crystalline terranes within the San Emigdio and Tehachapi mountains – the enigma of Salinia. Two principal geologic models compete to explain the enigma (i.e. the discrepancy between measured dextral slip along traces of the SAF system and the amount of separation between the Sierra Nevada batholithic rocks near Point Arena in northern California and the Mesozoic and older crystalline rocks in the San Emigdio and Tehachapi mountains in southern California). (i) One model proposes pre-Neogene (>23 Ma), Late Cretaceous or Maastrichtian (<ca. 71 Ma) to early Palaeocene or Danian (ca. 66 Ma) sinistral slip of 500–600 km (311–373 mi) along the Nacimiento fault and of the western flank of Salinia from the eastern flank of the Peninsular Ranges (sinistral slip but in the opposite sense to later Neogene (<23 Ma) dextral slip along and within the SAF system. (ii) A second model proposes that the crystalline rocks of Salinia comprise a series of 100 km- (60 mi-) scale allochthonous (extensional) nappes that rode southwestward above the Rand schist–Sierra de Salinas (SdS) shear zone subduction extrusion channels. The allochthonous nappes are from NW–SE: (i) Farallon Islands–Santa Cruz Mountains–Montara Mountain, and adjacent batholithic fragments that appear to have been derived from the top of the deep-level Sierra Nevada batholith of the western San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains; (ii) the Logan Quarry–Loma Prieta Peak fragments that appear to have been derived from the top of a buried detachment fault that forms the basement surface beneath the Maricopa sub-basin of the southernmost Great Valley; (iii) The Pastoria plate–Gabilan Range massif that appears to have been derived from the top of the deep-level SE Sierra Nevada batholith; and (iv) the Santa Lucia–SdS massif, which appears to be lower batholithic crust and underlying extruded schist that were breached westwards from the central to western Mojave Desert region. In this model, lower crustal batholithic blocks underwent ductile stretching above the extrusion channel schists, while mid- to upper-crustal level rocks rode southwestwards and westwards along trenchward dipping detachment faults. Salinian basement rocks of the Santa Lucia Range and the Big Sur area record the most complete geologic history of the displaced terrane. The oldest rocks consist of screens of Palaeozoic marine metasedimentary rocks (the Sur Series), including biotite gneiss and schist, quartzite, granulite gneiss, granofels, and marble. The Sur Series was intruded during Cretaceous high-flux batholithic magmatism by granodiorite, diorite, quartz diorite, and at deepest levels, charnockitic tonalite. Local nonconformable remnants of Campanian–Maastrichtian marine strata lie on the deep-level Salinia basement, and record deposition in an extensional setting. These Cretaceous strata are correlated with the middle to upper Campanian Pigeon Point (PiP) Formation south of San Francisco. The Upper Cretaceous strata, belonging to the Great Valley Sequence, include clasts of the basement rocks and felsic volcanic clasts that in Late Cretaceous time were brought to a coastal region by streams and rivers from Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in the Mojave Desert. The Rand and SdS schists of southern California were underplated beneath the southern Sierra Nevada batholith and the adjacent Salinia-Mojave region along a shallow segment of the subducting Farallon plate during Late Cretaceous time. The subduction trajectory of these schists concluded with an abrupt extrusion phase. During extrusion, the schists were transported to the SW from deep- to shallow-crustal levels as the low-angle subduction megathrust surface was transformed into a mylonitic low-angle normal fault system (i.e. Rand fault and Salinas shear zone). The upper batholithic plate(s) was(ere) partially coupled to the extrusion flow pattern, which resulted in 100 km-scale westward displacements of the upper plate(s). Structural stacking, temporal and metamorphic facies relations suggest that the Nacimiento (subduction megathrust) fault formed beneath the Rand-SdS extrusion channel. Metamorphic and structural relations in lower plate Franciscan rocks beneath the Nacimiento fault suggest a terminal phase of extrusion as well, during which the overlying Salinia underwent extension and subsidence to marine conditions. Westward extrusion of the subduction-underplated rocks and their upper batholithic plates rendered these Salinia rocks susceptible to subsequent capture by the SAF system. Evidence supporting the conclusion that the Nacimiento fault is principally a megathrust includes: (i) shear planes of the Nacimiento fault zone in the westcentral Coast Ranges locally dip NE at low angles. (ii) Klippen and/or faulted klippen are locally present along the trace of the Nacimiento fault zone from the Big Creek–Vicente Creek region south of Point Sur near Monterey, to east of San Simeon near San Luis Obispo in central California. Allochthonous detachment sheets and windows into their underplated schists comprise a composite Salinia terrane. The nappe complex forming the allochthon of Salinia was translated westward and northwestward ～100 km (～62 mi) above the Nacimiento megathrust or Franciscan subduction megathrust from SE California between ca. 66 and ca. 61 Ma (i.e. latest Cretaceous–earliest Palaeocene time). Much, or all, of the westward breaching of the Salinia batholithic rocks likely occurred above the extrusion channels of the Rand-SdS schists; following this event, the Franciscan Sur-Obispo terrane was thrust beneath the schists, perhaps during the final stages of extrusion in the upper channel. Later, the Sur-Obispo terrane was partially extruded from beneath the Salinia nappe terrane, during which time the upper plate(s) underwent extension and subsidence to marine conditions. Attenuation of the Salinia nappe sequence during the extrusion of the Franciscan Complex thinned the upper crust, making the upper plates susceptible to erosion from the top of the Franciscan Complex near San Simeon, where it is now exposed. In the San Emigdio Mountains, the relatively thin structural thickness of the upper batholithic plates made them susceptible to late Cenozoic flexural folding and disruption by high-angle dip–slip faults. The ～100 km (～62 mi) of westward and northwestward breaching of the Salinia batholithic rocks above the Rand-SdS channels, and the underlying Nacimiento fault followed by ～510 km (～320 mi) of dextral slip from ～23 Ma to Holocene time along the SAF system, allow for the palinspastic restoration of Salinia with the crystalline rocks of the San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains and the Mojave terrane, resolving the enigma of Salinia.     

日本的防震减灾与震后救援概述

日本地处环太平洋地震带,1998-2007年,日本共发生震级为6．0以上的地震199次,约占全球同等规模地震总数961次的20．7％左右,但由其导致的灾害死亡人数仅占世界的9％（中国却占约30％）。他山之石,可以攻玉,中国和日本都是地震多发国家,比较而言,在国民防震减灾教育与震后救援,及日本人普遍能够从容面对地震灾害的日常习惯等方面,日本的做法及获得的经验,值得我国政府和社会公众两方面加以借鉴。     

数字化水位仪观测的苏门答腊大地震激发的地球球型自由振荡

利用LN-3型数字化水位仪的观测资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,获得了2004年12月26日苏门答腊大地震激发的0S3～0S30基频球型自由振荡,并检测到2S1、1S2、1S3、2S5和2S6等5个谐频球型振荡,同时记录到一些明显的振型的谱线分裂现象。用水位观测资料提取了0S3、0S4和2S1等3个振型的谱线分裂周期,虽然3个振型均只得到2个单峰,但地球自由振荡谱线分裂现象的检测为研究地球的深内部结构提供了新的、不同类型的观测资料。研究表明,用数字化水位仪的观测资料可以提取到苏门答腊大地震激发的地球球型振荡,为地球自由振荡的研究提供了一种新的观测手段。     

基于GPS观测的汶川地震参数反演与库仑应力变化分析

利用汶川MS8.0地震前后的GPS观测资料,借助Okada矩形位错模型反演汶川地震参数,进而应用反演所得地震参数,计算地震在其周围GPS资料负位错反演所得震前应变积累断层段上可能造成的库仑破裂静应力变化,分析地震对其周围构造断裂应变积累的影响。结果表明,汶川震区呈显著逆冲兼右旋走滑同震变化,对甘川交界东段—甘川陕交界区、鲜水河断裂南段与安宁河断裂北端应变积累有一定程度影响,可能以增强作用为主。     

汶川地震震中映秀地区地表破裂特征

汶川8级大震的震中位于映秀镇,地震在映秀地区造成了多处地表破裂,如公路拱曲、地震陡坎,坡中槽新变形等,长度达300余米.经实地全站仪和GPS测量,定量分析了地表破裂的垂直分量与水平分量以及两者之间的比值,以此揭示了映秀-北川断裂的运动性质为逆冲兼右行走滑,在映秀地区逆冲分量大于走滑分量.将本次地震造成的位错数据与震前资料对比,发现汶川地震产生的地表破裂位置与地质历史上映秀-北川断裂造成的断层位错位置是相当吻合的,说明映秀地区Ⅳ级阶地上40余米的的断层陡坎可能是地质历史时期若干次大地震的结果.     

常时微动测试在汶川地震甘肃灾区建筑结构震害调查中的应用

为了调查2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0大地震所造成的建筑结构震害和次生地质灾害特点并研究其破坏机理,本文开展了对甘肃灾区部分典型场地和房屋的常时微动测试与分析研究.结果表明不同震害程度房屋的常时微动测试结果与其实际破坏情况有着良好的一致性.     

非线性模型参数估计的大洪水解算方法

直接搜索算法作为非线性模型参数估计的一种求解方法,具有无需求导,适用范围更广的优点,因而成为近年来的研究热点。将大洪水算法作为一种新的直接搜索算法引入到非线性模型的参数估计中,并以实例进行了计算分析,结果表明:大洪水算法是一种简单有效的非线性模型参数估计的直接搜索解算方法,不但在算法性能上表现优越,而且解的搜索不依赖于初值,能以较大概率收敛到全局最优解,是一种值得推广的直接搜索算法。