大椭圆航线设计的空间矢量方法

针对传统大圆航线设计采用的球体模型和现代导航设备采用的椭球体模型不统一引起航行误差的问题,研究了基于空间矢量的大椭圆航线设计方法。通过采用空间矢量代数方法直接求解大椭圆顶点,并提出依据长轴矢量和短轴矢量的大椭圆描述方法,应用两个基本矢量推导大椭圆航线方位和航程计算公式,进而研究了大椭圆航线设计算法,重点提出了基于Newton-Raphson(N-R)的等距离航线设计算法。对比算例表明,大圆航线与大椭圆航线设计结果差异明显,大椭圆航线设计算法与航行阶段采用的地球模型一致,可消除大圆航线设计引起的误差,提高航海计算精度。     

采用双重投影法的椭球面日晷投影

研究了从地球椭球面描写到海图平面的采用双重投影法的日晷投影方程式 ,并阐明了椭球面日晷投影的 3个重要特性及其应用     

横断山区土壤区划

本文概述了横断山区土壤区划的历史,提出了该区土壤区划的原则和土壤区划单位系统(土壤地带—土区—土片)以及新的区划方案,并侧重论述了各土壤地带与土区的成土环境特点、土地利用方向及其代表性的山地土壤垂直带谱。     

深部复杂地质条件下矿井交岔点支护关键技术研究

由于具有断面大、结构复杂、施工扰动次数多等特点，深部条件下的矿井交岔点工程支护难度一般比较大。通过现场地质条件的调查，用确定施工工程难度系数的方法，选择对应的支护形式和参数。深部复杂地质条件下的大断面交岔点，主要具有4种变形力学机制，即构造庖力作用力学机制、白重应力作用力学机制、结构变形力学机制和与施工过程有关的变形力学机制。在分析变形力学机制的基础上，可以进行最优的支护参数设计和过程设计。优化后的试验方案应用于具体的工程实例，取得了良好的支护效果。     

水岩作用对雅鲁藏布大拐弯北段滑坡的影响

通过对川藏公路南线八一至然乌段实地考察及对考察结果，已有资料的分析，本文运用统计学原理探讨了雅鲁藏布大拐弯北段地区滑坡与水岩作用的关系，并结合该地区发育的滑坡灾害具体分析了该地区水岩作用与滑坡的关系。经分析认为，该地区水岩作用条件复杂且利于发育各种典型的水岩作用，但地域性特殊的水岩作用形式更发育，并对雅鲁藏布地区滑坡灾害形成，诱发都有重要影响。     

Horizontal crustal movement in Chinese mainland before and after the great Kunlun Mountain M =8.1 earthquake in 2001

The continuous GPS observation at the fiducial stations in the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) recorded the crustal movement of Chinese mainland before and after the great Kunlun Mountain earthquake of M=8.1 on November 14, 2001, especially the horizontal crustal movement in the western part of China. Based on the datum defined by a group of stable stations with small mutual horizontal displacements for a few years, the time series of horizontal displacements at fiducial stations were obtained. Significant anomalous horizontal displacements had appeared at the fiducial stations in the western part of China since early November 2000 and several earthquakes with the magnitudes about 6.0 had occurred in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces. The northward components of the horizontal displacement at the fiducial stations in west China had decreased significantly and even changed in the opposite sense since mid April 2001. After the earthquake, the northward displacements still decreased and there were significant westward displacements. The process of the crustal movement in the western part of Chinese mainland (in reference to east China) suggests that the main force source for this earthquake came from the northward pushing of the Indian plate. The great earthquake released a large amount of energy, as a result, the action applied by the Indian plate to Chinese mainland diminished significantly and after the great earthquake, the seismic activity in Chinese mainland decreased considerably until the end of 2002. Foundation item: The National Development and Programming Project for Key Basic Research (95-13-03-07).     

Seismicity anomalies before the great earth—quake of Ms=8.1 in the Kunlun Pass and its significance to earthquake prediction

A great earthquake of M _S=8.1 took place in the west of Kunlun Pass on November 14, 2001. The epicenter is located at 36.2°N and 90.9°E. The analysis shows that some main precursory seismic patterns appear before the great earthquake, e.g., seismic gap, seismic band, increased activity, seismicity quiet and swarm activity. The evolution of the seismic patterns before the earthquake of M _S=8.1 exhibits a course very similar to that found for earthquake cases with M _S≥7. The difference is that anomalous seismicity before the earthquake of M _S=8.1 involves in the larger area coverage and higher seismic magnitude. This provides an evidence for recognizing precursor and forecasting of very large earthquake. Finally, we review the rough prediction of the great earthquake and discuss some problems related to the prediction of great earthquakes.     

中国大陆与邻区强震分区活动性及其随时间演化

根据主要构造分布、震源机制解分布及地震活动状况，将中国大陆及邻区分成20个单元，6个区。利用中国地震局地球物理研究所提供的地震目录，计算近百年来各单元和各区的6级以上强震释放应变能，做出时间滑动后的应变能—时间曲线图，分析认为：(a)中国大陆及邻区百年来的强震活动是一个复杂的时空动态过程，每个区、带有其高、低潮，然而各地区没有统一的地震释放应变能高潮与低潮；(b)强震的活动与平静只是相对而言的，没有绝对的活动或平静；(c)微动态期划分较好的体现了强震活动特征，每个微动态期内至少有一个高潮期，且强震集中在一个主体地区内发生，各搬动态期的能量可以有起伏。通过进一步的讨论和分析，提出中国大陆地壳变形主要受三方面因素的控制：(1)印度板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾板块的活动及其变化控制中国强震活动图像的总体格局；(2)大陆地壳结构的非均匀性及其变化影响了主体地区的形态结构；(3)地壳形变的继承性影响强震活动主体地区形成与变迁的过程。     

太阳贯穿辐射与智利大地震

讨论了太阳贯穿辐射与1960年5月智利大地震的关系。认为范阿伦质子高浓度辐射通过智利南部，对孕震体能量的积聚施加了影响，智利地震发生的时间正处在太阳耀斑爆发频率及强度最高的几年中，很可能与太阳贯穿辐射的作用有关。     

Maximum entropy spectral characteristics of seismic activity for great earthquakes in China

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