主磁场梯度的空间分布和长期变化特征

根据GUFM1和IGRF11模型,计算1590—2010年主磁场总强度F、水平分量H和磁倾角I三个要素的水平梯度和垂直梯度,分析了它们的空间分布和长期变化特点.结果表明:F和H的垂直梯度与其磁场的空间分布类似,水平方向的梯度以及磁倾角I在3个方向的梯度都与其磁场分布有明显差异.H的3个方向的梯度分布清楚地指示出南磁极的位置.梯度的长期变化表明,北半球磁场梯度漂移缓慢,南半球磁场梯度变化较快.磁倾角的垂直梯度显示,中太平洋负异常周围的正异常在围绕该负异常旋转.近赤道的梯度异常带在60°W附近的转折是由印度洋异常向非洲方向移动所致.     

大地电磁测深在山东齐河法王南部地区地热普查中的应用

地热资源的勘查开发,对于合理利用自然资源,缓解能源紧张状况,促进经济可持续发展意义重大。在充分收集前人对区域地质、水文地质、地热地质条件研究成果的基础上,利用大地电磁测深(MT)查明齐河法王南部地区地层结构、主要断裂构造的产状、空间展布及断裂带两侧地层分布情况、岩溶裂隙分布、热储与盖层的分布规律、埋深、厚度、岩性等地热地质条件,取得了良好效果,为地热验证孔位的确定提供了可靠的依据。     

祁连山高山灌丛生物量及其分配特征

分布于青海云杉林上线的祁连山高山灌丛是祁连山水源涵养林效益最佳林型,研究高山灌丛生物量是生态系统生产力的重要体现,也是群落结构和功能的主要测度之一。以祁连山排露沟流域3 300～3 700 m高山灌丛为研究对象,采用标准地、样方收获法以及壕沟挖掘方法,对不同海拔高度10个固定样地灌丛生物量,器官生物量进行调查,分析了不同海拔梯度灌丛的叶、枝、须根、细根、粗根烘干重数据及其生物量分配特征。结果表明：祁连山高山灌丛总生物量为12 869.39±3 306.16 kg/hm²(平均值±标准差,n=10),其中器官分配以枝生物量所占比例最高,达32.21%,叶、须根、细根、粗根的比例分别为15.70%、14.06%、11.13%和26.90%。不同海拔梯度灌丛生物量器官分配比例差异较大,地上生物量平均为6 097.17kg/hm²,地下生物量平均为6 772.22kg/hm²,不同海拔根茎比在0.56～1.93之间变化,海拔3 500 m处根茎比达最大。祁连山高山灌丛生物量与海拔呈现显著的负相关（R² = 0.898 7,p＜0.01）,随着海拔的升高,灌丛总生物量,地上以及地下生物量均呈现下降的趋势。研究结果可为内陆河流域生态环境的保护及其高山灌丛对全球气候变化的响应研究提供重要理论依据和应用资料。     

濒危植物四合木生境景观动态及其驱动因子分析

以1977 年MSS 及1990 年、2000 年、2005 年TM 影像数据为基本信息源,运用RS 与GIS 技术,选择若干相 关指标,在系统分析四合木生境景观构成动态变化及其自然与人文驱动因子变化特征的基础上,采用主成分分析 法进行了四合木生境景观动态驱动因子作用强度及其贡献率的定量分析。结果表明：28 年来四合木分布区景观构 成变化较大,其中四合木种群面积不断减少而耕地、城镇、工矿等人工景观类型不断扩张,沙地与其他植被面积扩 展明显,这与研究区旱化趋势加重、人为干扰强度加剧密切相关,且人为因素是造成四合木种群大面积减少及其生 境景观格局变化的主要外因。     

Soil organic carbon pools in alpine to nival zones along an altitudinal gradient (4400–5300 m) on the Tibetan Plateau

To accurately estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in upper alpine to nival zones on the Tibetan Plateau, we inventoried SOC pools in 0–0.3 m profiles along an altitudinal gradient (4400–5300 m asl). We also studied vegetation properties and decomposition activity along the gradient to provide insight into the mechanisms of SOC storage. The vegetation cover and belowground root biomass showed a gradual increased with altitude, reaching a peak in the upper alpine zone at 4800–4950 m before decreasing in the nival zone at 5200–5300 m.Decomposition activity was invariant along the altitudinal gradient except in the nival zone. SOC pools at lower sites were relatively small (2.6 kg C m⁻² at 4400 m), but increased sharply with altitude, reaching a peak in the upper alpine zone (4950 m; 13.7 kg C m⁻²) before decreasing (1.0 kg C m⁻² at 5300 m) with altitude in the nival zone. SOC pool varied greatly within individual alpine meadows by a factor of five or more, as did bulk density, partly due to the effect of grazing. Inventory data for both carbon density and bulk density along altitudinal gradients in alpine ecosystems are of crucial importance in estimating global tundra SOC storage.     

地震波衰减反演研究综述

对地震波衰减的研究经过近五十年的发展已经取得了不少进展.本文简述了地震波的衰减机制、有关衰减的基本理论以及影响地震波衰减的主要因素,重点概括了地震波衰减的反演方法,最后预测了地震衰减研究的发展趋势.     

抽水含水层对非抽水含水层水位影响的效应分析

利用自动水位计记录的抽水试验过程中不同层位含水组之间的动态水位,分析了在抽水试验最初阶段时抽水含水组与非抽水含水组之间的水力联系。研究结果表明:(1)抽水含水层对非抽水含水层存在水位影响效应,在抽水初期,水位影响效应较大;当抽水含水层水位达到稳定或缓慢下降时,水位影响效应随之消失。(2)单位降深水位影响效应显示,上部含水层距离抽水含水层越远,水位影响效应越大;下部含水层距离抽水含水层越远,水位影响效应越小。(3)利用三维地下水流数值模拟方法和应力应变对含水层水位动态影响的原理对水位影响效应机理进行分析,发现水位影响效应与含水层的固体骨架压缩系数(α)、水体积压缩系数(β)、孔隙度(n)和边界控制系数(Cm)等参数有关。     

Determining the Gravitational Gradient Tensor Using Satellite-Altimetry Observations over the Persian Gulf

With the advent of satellite altimetry in 1973, new scientific applications became available in oceanography, climatology, and marine geosciences. Moreover, satellite altimetry provides a significant source of information facilitated in the geoid determination with a high accuracy and spatial resolution. The information from this approach is a sufficient alternate for marine gravity data in the high-frequency modeling of the marine gravity field quantities. The gravity gradient tensor, consisting of the second-order partial derivatives of the gravity potential, provides more localized information than gravity measurements. Marine gravity observations always carry a high noise level due to environmental effects. Moreover, it is not possible to model the high frequencies of the Earth's gravity field in a global scale using these observations. In this article, we introduce a novel approach for a determination of the gravity gradient tensor at sea level using satellite altimetry. Two numerical techniques are applied and compared for this purpose. In particular, we facilitate the radial basis functions (RBFs) and the harmonic splines. As a case study, the gravitational gradient tensor is determined and results presented in the Persian Gulf. Validation of results reveals that the solution of the harmonic spline approach has a better agreement with a theoretical zero-value of the trace of the Marussi gravitational gradient tensor. However, the data-adaptive technique in the RBF approach allows more efficient selection of the parameters and 3-D configuration of RBFs compared to a fixed parameterization by the harmonic splines.     

Predicting Global Seafloor Topography Using Multi-Source Data

A new one-minute global seafloor topography model was derived from vertical gravity gradient anomalies (VGG), altimetric gravity anomalies, and ship soundings. Ship soundings are used to constrain seafloor topography at wavelengths longer than 200 km and to calibrate the topography to VGG (or gravity) ratios at short wavelengths area by area. VGG ratios are used to predict seafloor topography for wavelength bands of 100–200 km and to suppress the effect of crust isostasy. Gravity anomalies are used to recover seafloor topography at wavelengths shorter than 100 km. The data processing procedure is described in detail in this paper. The accuracy of the model is evaluated using ship soundings and existing models, including General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans (GEBCO), DTU10, ETOPO1, and SIO V15.1. The results show that, in the discussed regions, the accuracy of the model is better than ETOPO1, GEBCO, and DTU10. Additionally, the model is comparable with V15.1, which is generally believed to have the highest accuracy. In the north-central Pacific Ocean, the accuracy of the model increased by approximately 29.5% compared with the V15.1 model. This indicates that a more accurate seafloor topography model can be formed by combining gravity anomalies, VGG, and ship soundings.     

Analytical solutions for the steady-state seepage field in a finite seabed with a lined tunnel

Abstract

Analytical solutions for the steady-state seepage field in a finite seabed under homogeneous and isotropic conditions with a drained circular lined tunnel are developed. A numerical model is established using the COMSOL Multiphysics software to verify the solutions presented in this study, and strong agreement is found. A parameter analysis considering the seabed thickness, coefficient of permeability, tunnel burial depth and lining thickness is presented. The results indicate that the error induced by ignoring the thickness of the seabed cannot be neglected when the tunnel is close to the bottom of the seabed.