Integrative Monitoring Analysis Aiming at the Detection of Spatial and Temporal Trends of Metal Accumulation in Mosses

Goal and Scope. The UNECE heavy metals in Mosses Surveys provide data on the accumulation of metals in naturally growing mosses throughout Europe. Using Germany as an example, this article concentrates on the elaboration and application of methods of data analysis that are necessary for a comprehensive interpretation of spatial and temporal trends in metal accumulation.Methods and Results. The sampling of mosses, and the chemical analysis of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn in 1990, 1995 and 2000 are summarized briefly. The variogram analyses detect distinct autocorrelation structures in the sample data which may consequently be estimated for all sites in Germany without monitoring metal accumulation by means of ordinary kriging. A procedure for the geostatistical detection of spatial outliers was developed and applied and, after the elimination of the spatial outliers, several measurements were seen to indicate an adequate quality of the geostatistical estimations. The cluster analyses of the z-transformed estimation data result in a nominal multi-element index that indicates regional metal accumulation types over time. Percentile statistics serve for computation of an ordinal, scaled, multi-element accumulation index which is spatially differentiated over time in terms of multivariate, statistically defined ecoregions. The integrative statistical analysis reveals, from 1990 to 2000, that the metal accumulation declines up to 80% in some of the ecoregions. Hot spots of metal accumulation are mapped and interpreted by means of metadata analysis.Conclusions. Dot maps depict the spatial structure of the metal accumulation without spatial bias. This information, detailed with respect to metal species and space, should be generalized for better supporting the interpretation. The combination of geostatistical analysis and estimation, percentile and multivariate statistics is suitable for the calculation of indices that serve for a comprehensive mapping of metal accumulation in the ecoregions over time, for quantifying the bias of the surface estimation, and for mapping spatial outliers and hot spots of metal accumulation.     

基于GIS的苏锡常地区地质环境现状评价

苏锡常地区位于长江三角洲南部，随着经济发展，以地面沉降，地下水污染为主要特征的地质环境问题日趋严重。在GIS（地理信息系统）技术的支持下，结合多种地质环境因素对该地区进行了地质环境质量现状分析评价，结果表明区内大部分地区环境质量呈恶化趋势，地质环境严重地带沿运河方向展布，以三市为中心，具有明显的空间特征。文中除了论述评价因子的识别，重点讨论了评价模型的确立和基于GIS的分析方法，最后对评价结果作了分析。     

用格子波耳兹曼方法模拟双重孔隙介质中的流体迁移

作者在本文中介绍了基于格子波耳兹曼模型的双重孔隙介质中流体运移的数值模拟计算方法。我们从格子波耳兹曼碰撞模型出发，利用格子波耳兹曼方程、Chapman-Enskog展开，以及多尺度技术，得到了描述双重孔隙介质中流体迁移的二维扩散方程。利用格子气自动机方法计算该扩散方程，实现了对双重孔隙介质中流体运移过程的数值模拟仿真。数值实验表明，我们所使用的方法正确、有效。     

陕西省水土流失环境地质问题

水土流失是一种累进性地质灾害 ,其实质就是土壤侵蚀作用。陕西省是全国水土流失最严重的省份之一 ,黄河中游共有 1 38个水土流失重点县 ,而我省境内就有 4 8个。剧烈的水土流失使得地区生态平衡失调 ,土地资源遭到破坏 ,各种灾害频繁发生 ,严重阻碍地区经济发展。近几十年来 ,人们逐渐认识到水土流失的严重性和危害性 ,加大了治理力度 ,但效果不尽人意。因此 ,需要研究水土流失的地质环境条件和人类社会的影响因素 ,才能提出切实可行的防治措施。     

成矿多样性与矿床谱系

成矿多样性是成矿事件的根本表现，它不仅表现为一个矿床在成因，形态，尺度，矿石类型，矿石组合，有利及不利组分上的多样性，还表现在矿床，矿田，矿带，成矿省，成矿区域及成矿时期上的多样性，成矿多样性在成矿物质基础上受矿源地质异常控制，在成矿物质运移上受运矿地质异常控制，在聚矿作用上受赋存环境地质异常控制，在成矿后的变化上受保矿与毁矿地质异常控制，因此，可以通过地质异常背景的研究来揭示成矿多样性的具体特征，矿床谱系在时间，空间及成因上与成矿多样性密切相关，它在评价与预测新类型矿床中起着极其重要的作用，因此，了解成矿多样性与矿床谱系，对研究超大型矿床，成矿流体，区域矿化以及揭示成矿规律，具有十分重要的指导意义。     

Assessment of Geological Security and Integrated Assessment Geo‐environmental Suitability in Worst‐hit Areas in Wenchuan Quake

Abstract: The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and geo-hazards triggered by the earthquake caused large injuries and deaths as well as destructive damage for infrastructures like construction, traffic and electricity. It is urgent to select relatively secure areas for townships and cities constructed in high mountainous regions with high magnitude earthquakes. This paper presents the basic thoughts, evaluation indices and evaluation methods of geological security evaluation, water and land resources security demonstration and integrated assessments of geo-environmental suitability for reconstruction in alp and ravine with high magnitude earthquakes, which are applied in the worst-hit areas (12 counties). The integrated assessment shows that: (1) located in the Longmenshan fault zone, the evaluated area is of poor regional crust stability, in which the unstable and second unstable areas account for 79% of the total; (2) the geo-hazards susceptibility is high in the evaluation area. The spots of geo-hazards triggered by earthquake are mainly distributed along the active fault zone with higher distribution in the moderate and high mountains area, in which the areas of high and moderate susceptibility zoning accounts for 40.1% of the total; (3) geological security is poor in the evaluated area, in which the area of the unsuitable construction occupies 73.1%, whereas in the suitable construction area, the areas of geological security, second security and insecurity zoning account for 8.3%, 9.3% and 9.3% of the evaluated area respectively; (4) geo-environmental suitability is poor in the evaluated area , in which the areas of suitability and basic suitability zoning account for 3.5% and 7.3% of the whole evaluation area.     

Application of GIS to Geo-anomaly-Based Delineation of Mineral Resources

The geo-anomaly-based delineation of mineral resourcesusing GIS (Zhao et al.,1 996,1 995;Zhao and Chi,1 991 )takes the geological anomalous ore-forming theory as its theo-retical basis,the conceptual model of geology and mineral re-sources and the corresponding spatial analysis model as its ge-ological foundation,the GIS as its basic tool for the analysisof mineral resources prediction,and the analyses of favorableprospecting index and the spatial correlation of geologicalanomalies assemblag…     

安徽东部地区金矿资源GIS评价

应用GIS进行金矿资源评价是一项较为复杂的系统工程。建设好地学空间数据库是资源评价的基础 ,正确建立资源评价模型和确定地质变量是资源评价的技术核心。依据区内成矿地质条件和矿化特征 ,采用“WMR”法进行金矿资源评价可以获得理想的效果     

基于WebGIS的环境地质灾害网络数据库系统

目前,大量环境和地质灾害数据库的建设主要处于单机、封闭的系统形式,导致数据信息的管理、更新和使用落后于社会对信息的需求,花费巨资建立的数据库资源无法被需要者利用,难于实现信息共享,从而变为数量众多“信息孤岛”。改变这种局面的主要技术途径就是建立一个通用、高效、开放的平台来管理、发布和共享这些空间数据。本文结合信息技术与GIS的最新发展趋势,介绍了WebGIS,一种GIS与网络技术相融合产物的主要技术特征,并结合实例,简要论述了系统的建设要求、体系结构、技术构成等。利用ArcIMS以及数据库、ASP等技术建立起“环境与地质灾害网络数据库系统”,实现了地质环境和地质灾害空间信息的集中管理、远程浏览查询、信息共享等功能。     

试论冷战后美国地缘战略新特点

文章从3个方面分析了冷战后美国地缘战略新特点。首先,冷战后,美国的全球战略目标已从冷战时的以苏联为主要遏制对象转为把中国和俄罗斯作为主要的战略目标,但此时除了传统意义上的遏制以外,还包括着合作的一面,即可概括为“战略上的遏制,经济上的卷入”。其次,美国实施全球战略的手段,也从传统的以政治、军事、外交等手段为主转为经济手段为主,即地缘经济必将取代地缘政治成为美国地缘战略的重要手段。最后,在地缘经济时代,“资源相对有限性”是愈加重要的经济学原理,它与美国的全球地缘战略有密切的关系。