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71.
The seasonal and interannual behaviour of monthly mean winds at a height of 90 km recorded at Grahamstown (33.3°S, 26.5°E) and Adelaide (34.5°S, 138.5°E) between 1987 and 1994 are compared. The zonal wind is found to be consistently stronger at Grahamstown and is always eastward, whereas at Adelaide it sometimes reverses. Maxima tend to occur near the solstices, the primary maximum during summer at Grahamstown, in agreement with satellite results, and during winter at Adelaide. The meridional wind also tends to be stronger at Grahamstown, but at both stations is predominantly northward with a maximum in summer and generally not as strong as the zonal component. This seasonal behaviour is reasonably well understood in terms of the interaction of the mean flow with gravity waves propagating up from below, with coriolis forces also playing an important role in the case of the meridional wind. Satellite observations do not generally support the idea that longitudinal differences between the stations could be attributed to the presence of a tropospheric/stratospheric stationary wave. It is suggested that these differences are more probably associated with local effects. Interannual zonal wind patterns at the two sites are similar over the summer months but are less well correlated during the rest of the year. The underlying causes of this variability are not well understood but are most probably global in nature, at least during the summer. 相似文献
72.
长江中下游旱涝中期预报方法及其业务应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
介绍了双层多因子综合相似的长江中下游旱涝中期预报模型。该模型引入了具有明确动力学和热力学意义的地转西风动量经向输送和经向温度梯度诊断量,同时强调了西太平洋副热带高压对长江中下游夏季降水的关键作用,并考虑了对流层中、低层500hPa高度和850hPa温度的大尺度环流背景场。与过去业务应用的单层相似预报模型相比较,不仅物理意义和天气学含义明确,而且更符合对具有复杂动力和热力机制的降水预报的考虑。5年的预报试验和业务应用结果表明,该方法对长江中下游地区旱涝的中期趋势预报有较好的预报能力。 相似文献
73.
74.
一次强暴雨形成的动力机制 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
分析了1998年7月武汉强暴雨的天气演变特征,并从理论上探讨了强暴雨形成的动力机制。结果表明:低空急流先于暴雨生成,暴雨最强时低空急流也最强;高空急流入口区右侧及低空急流左侧非热成风梯度的存在,使得中尺度不稳定波的波振幅出现空间不稳定现象,高空急流右侧不稳定波的波振幅和低空急流左侧不稳定波的波振幅向暴雨区增加,暴雨区恰为这两支波叠加后振幅最大的区域,高低空急流耦合下的非热成风、中尺度对流-对称不稳定可能是这类强暴雨产生的动力原因之一。 相似文献
75.
Effects of temperature and humidity upon the transport of sedimentary particles by wind 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cheryl McKenna Neuman 《Sedimentology》2004,51(1):1-17
Wind tunnel simulations of aeolian transport carried out over a range in mean temperature between 32 °C and ?9 °C suggest that cold airflows support higher mass transport rates (Q) than very warm air. The magnitude of this increase is larger than expected, so that analytical and semi‐empirical models underestimate Q. Extrapolation of the results suggests that, at ?40 °C, as for example in the dry valleys of Antarctica in winter, Q may be as much as 70% higher than for the equivalent wind speed in hot deserts at air temperatures of 40 °C. Temperature‐dependent changes in air density and turbulence contribute to this result. The decreased tension of water adsorbed onto particle surfaces at low temperatures is postulated to reduce interparticle cohesion and, thus, to increase the elasticity of particle impacts on cold beds. Definition of the roles that temperature and humidity play in aeolian transport is relevant to studies of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and extraterrestrial (or planetary) geology. Investigation of present‐day, cold climate features and of climate change effects also requires knowledge of these fundamental relations. 相似文献
76.
利用遥感综合分析西风引导气流与地形对沙尘运移路径的影响 总被引:2,自引:7,他引:2
沙尘暴的发生受大气环流、地表状况、降雨的影响,还受到局部地区地形的影响。一次规模较大的沙尘暴过程,沙尘可以从蒙古国和我国西部沙源地输送到我国东部、韩国、日本乃至夏威夷、美国西海岸。中日亚洲沙尘暴ADEC项目对亚洲沙尘暴的起沙、传输和降落的运行机制已经作了深入的研究,并建立了亚洲沙尘暴的数值模拟系统。本文以影响北京地区的沙尘暴事件为例,利用遥感技术,综合DEM地形数据和地面实测数据分析西风引导气流和地形对沙尘运移路径影响,将MODIs影像数据和DEM地形数据以及地面观测站点实测数据相结合,进行综合分析,结果表明在一次沙尘暴过程中,沙尘在运移过程中的运移路径明显地受到西风引导气流、沙尘粒子自然沉降规律以及局部地形的影响,要预防(减少)北京地区的沙尘暴仅仅作好北京地区的生态环境建设是不够的,加强北京周边地区,尤其是张家口地区、官厅水库库区及库区周围地区的生态环境建设尤为重要。 相似文献
77.
78.
1. IntroductionThe basic role of urban-rural boundary layer re-search is to study all kinds of physical process changesin the atmosphere boundary layer over urban and itssurrounding areas. Urban heat island (UHI) is a well-known feature of urban-rural climate. Attempts toincrease the understanding of the causes of the UHIand other urban-rural boundary layer phenomena haveused observational, theoretical and modelling methodssince long before. Seaman (1989) used a hydrostaticmodel, with real … 相似文献
79.
A precise monitoring of snow surface height in the region of Lambert Glacier basin-Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
I.Allison 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(1):100-111
The net surface snow accumulation on the Antarctic ice sheet is determined by a combination of precipitation, sublimation and wind redistribution. We present a one-year record of hourly snow-height measurements at LGB69 (70°50'S, 77°04'E, 1850 m a.s.l.). east side of Lambert Glacier basin (LGB), and 4 year record at G3 (70°53'S, 69°52'E, 84 m a.s.l.), Amery Ice Shelf (AIS). The measurements were made with ultrasonic sensors mounted on automatic weather stations installed at two sites. The snow accumulation at LGB69 is approximately 70 cm. Throughout the winter, between April and September, there was little change in surface snow height (SSH) at the two sites. The negative SSH change is due to densification at LGB69, and is due to both ablation and densification at G3. The strongest accumulation at two sites occurred during the period between October and March (accounting for 101.6% at LGB69), with four episodic increasing events occurring during 2002 for LGB69, and eight events during 1999-2002 for G 相似文献
80.
High buildings or architectural complex in urban areas remarkably distort the urban surface wind fields. As the air flow approaches,local strong wind may appear around the buildings. The strong wind makes the pedestrians on sidewalks, entrances and terrace very uncomfortable and causes the pedestrian level wind environment problem. In this studies, hot-wire wind measurement, wind scouring in wind tunnel and numerical computation were carried out to evaluate the wind environment of tall buildings in the prevailing flow conditions in Beijing areas. The results obtained by three techniques were compared and mutually verified. The conclusions drawn from three approaches agree with each other. Also the advantages and limitations of each method were analyzed. It is suggested that the combination of different techniques may produce better assessment of wind environment around high buildings. 相似文献