Sedimentary control on the formation of a multi-superimposed gas system in the development of key layers in the sequence framework

Based on core observations, well logs and test results of siderite-bearing mudstone from the Benxi Formation to the Member 2 of the Shanxi Formations in the Linxing block, northeastern Ordos Basin, a logging identification model for siderite-bearing mudstone (key layer) was established. The porosity characteristics and sealing property were quantitatively evaluated by logging data. Sedimentary control on the formation of multi-superimposed gas-bearing system in the development of key layers in the sequence framework was also discussed. The results showed that the siderite-bearing mudstone has obvious logging response characteristics, e.g., high photoelectric absorption cross-section index (PE), high density (DEN), high amplitude natural gamma ray (GR), low acoustic (AC), low resistivity (M2RX) and low neutron porosity (CNCF). The quantitatively evaluated results of the porosity characteristics and sealing property for the key layer showed that the key layer has the characteristics of low porosity (with an average of 1.20 percent), low permeability (with an average of 2.29 × 10⁻⁸μm²), and high breakthrough pressure (with an average of 12.32 MPa) in the study area. This layer acts as an impermeable gas barrier in a multi-superimposed gas system. The results also indicated that the material composition of the multi-superimposed gas-bearing system can be established by the sequence stratigraphic framework. The sedimentary evolution results in a cyclic rhythm of material composition vertically. The spatial distribution of the corresponding transgressive event layer near the maximum flooding surface (MFS) in the sequence framework restricts the spatial distribution of the key layer with high breakthrough pressure and low porosity, which constitutes the gas-bearing system boundary. The siderite-bearing mudstone formed near the MFS in the second-order sequence and constitutes a stable comparison of the first-order gas-bearing system boundary, which has a wide range of regional distribution and stable thickness. The siderite-bearing mudstone formed near the MFS in the third-order sequence is often incompletely preserved due to the late (underwater) diversion channel erosion and cutting. This layer forms the coal-bearing reservoirs, which we termed as a second-order gas-bearing system in adjacent third-order sequences to form a uniform gas-bearing system.     

基于小波变换和数学形态学的潮沟提取方法研究

潮沟是潮滩的主要地貌类型之一,潮沟信息的检测对湿地生态环境的监测和保护有着重要意义。本文以长江口九段沙下沙北部发育比较复杂的潮沟为研究对象,使用2016年1月26日Landsat8全色波段数据,采用了一种融合小波变换、最大类间方差法和数学形态学的方法对潮沟边缘信息进行了检测。小波变换中通过减小高层小波系数,达到弱化潮滩灰度变化的目的;通过增大低层小波系数,达到增强潮沟信息的目的;利用数学形态学和图像之间的几何(加减乘)运算,完成潮沟的提取;最后,分别在原始数据和检测结果相应的位置取样进行精度验证,样方潮沟面积一致性精度平均为92.1%。     

景观指数的并行计算方法

随着地理信息科学和系统的发展,GIS数据的时空分辨率和数据量呈现爆炸式的增长趋势。传统的基于个人计算机的景观指数计算软件难以有效快速地完成海量数据的空间分析。针对该问题,本文提出了一个高效的景观指数并行计算方法。首先对原有的并查集连通域标记算法进行了2点改进：① 在第2次遍历数据时,增加了计算斑块面积、周长等斑块基本信息的功能,为景观指数的计算提供必要参数;② 在第2次遍历过程中,增加了重新标记连续序号的功能,减少了原有算法在合并操作后造成的序号不连续,需要重新遍历数据的开销。在此基础上,本文利用MPI并行编程库,采用数据分割和主从进程协同的并行计算模式实现了景观指数的并行计算。实验表明,在保证计算正确性的基础上,本文的并行算法大幅度提高了景观指数的计算性能,为快速分析大规模数据的景观形态和格局提供了有效手段。     

The use of mycorrhiza for eco‐engineering measures in steep alpine environments: effects on soil aggregate formation and fine‐root development

Steep erosion‐prone and vegetation‐free slopes are widespread in alpine areas and are often discussed since they have a high socio‐economic damage potential. We present an eco‐engineering approach to test whether a mycorrhizal inoculum improves the establishment of hedge brush layers and in turn soil structural stability on a steep, coarse‐grained vegetation‐free slope in the eastern Swiss Alps. We established (i) mycorrhizal and (ii) non‐mycorrhizal treated eco‐engineered research plots on a field experimental scale, covering a total area of approximately 1000 m² on an east‐northeast (ENE) exposed slope, where many environmental parameters can be regarded as homogeneous. After a full vegetation period, we quantified soil aggregate stability, the formation of water stable aggregates and the fine‐root development. Our results illustrate that the establishment of brush layers without mycorrhizal inoculum increased aggregate stability significantly. Against our expectation and glasshouse experiments, the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum did not have a statistically significant effect after one vegetation period although it tended to increase aggregate stability. Analogously, root length density (RLD) tended to be higher at the non‐mycorrhizal treated site. Aggregate stability was significantly correlated with RLD. Studies on a bigger field experimental scale are inevitable, complement glasshouse studies and lead to a better understanding for a successful application of sustainable eco‐engineering measures in alpine environments. Based on our results and considering the fact that the response time in natural ecosystems may be slower than in laboratory approaches, we conclude that long‐term field studies are necessary to validate results gained through laboratory experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of perfectly matched layers in the transient analysis of dam–reservoir systems

The transient analysis of dam–reservoir systems by employing perfectly matched layers has been investigated. In previous studies, boundary conditions of the PML region in the reservoir have been neglected. In this paper, they are incorporated completely in the formulation. Moreover, a technique is introduced to involve the effect of incident waves caused by vertical ground motions at the reservoir bottom in the analysis. Performing several numerical experiments indicates that applying boundary conditions of the PML domain and utilizing the proposed method for vertical excitation cases reduce the computational cost significantly and make the PML method a very efficient approach for the transient analysis of dam–reservoir systems.     

入射频率对煤系薄互层地震响应特征影响的物理模拟

建立薄互层地震物理模型,分别从低频和高频入射时地震记录的振幅谱形态、振幅、频率特征、AVO特征等方面入手,分析了入射频率对煤系薄互层模型地震响应特征的影响。结果表明:入射频率对薄互层层数变化反映敏感,高频入射时振幅谱形态可分辨的厚度比较小,分辨率较高;振幅谱幅值以及主频值的变化与薄互层的总厚度和波长之比有关,并且随着厚度的增加其变化规律符合薄层的振幅调谐规律与频率调谐规律;入射频率不同时,AVO曲线特征也不相同,在进行薄互层资料的对比解释及AVO分析时,要充分考虑入射频率所引起的差异。      

Fate of the Evros River suspended particulate matter in the northern Aegean Sea

Evros River is the most important river flowing into the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) in terms of freshwater discharge, and the second largest one of Eastern Europe after the Danube River. Salinity and temperature measurements, together with suspended particulate matter concentrations were obtained in various depths at 14 stations in the adjacent Alexandroupolis Gulf during four seasons (June 1998, September 1998, February 1999 and March 2000) in order to investigate the particle dynamics and distributions in the northern Aegean Sea. Analysis of the collected data, together with particle observations under the scanning electron microscope and study of satellite images showed that, under certain circumstances driven by the hydrological and wind regime of the area, the Evros River particulate matter, with the associated pollutants, can be transferred far away from the estuary and implicitly comprise a hazardous factor for the environmental status of the northern Aegean Sea. This fact, combined with the future construction of the Burgas-Alexandroupolis pipeline, may cause a negative impact on the studied natural ecosystem.     

Recovery of benthic macroinvertebrate and epilithic communities following a large flood,in an unstable,braided, New Zealand river

Benthic macroinvertebrates and small stones were collected from a riffle in the Ashley River, North Canterbury, New Zealand, on 12 occasions within a 132‐day period following a particularly large flood in 1986. Despite the occurrence of smaller floods during this period, benthic macroinvertebrate communities and stone surface organic layers recovered rapidly. Mean concentration of stone surface organic carbon increased from 0.23 g/m² to 1.01 g/m² stone surface in the first 23 days after the flood and chlorophyll a concentration increased from 0.13 mg/m² (day 3) to 9.2 mg/m² by day 132. Minor floods during the recovery period had little effect on organic layer biomass. Mean faunal density increased from 230/m² to 7920/m² during this time and taxon richness from 7 to 21 per 5 benthic samples. Immediately after the flood and throughout the study period the fauna was dominated by larvae of Deleatidium (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae), Hydora (Coleoptera: Elmidae), and Chironomidae. Re‐establishment of Deleatidium populations in previously denuded brands was effected by oviposition, egg‐hatching, and larval immigration. Minor braids are likely to represent important epicentres from which recolonisation proceeds.     

特殊构造条件下煤炭综放开采顶板涌水机理及防治

煤炭资源开采中采场顶板水水害是威胁工作面安全生产的灾害之一。以兖州矿区东滩煤矿综放开采14310工作面在回采过程中的涌水情况为例,在分析地质和水文地质条件基础上,从构造控水机理出发,分析了工作面特殊构造条件下顶板砂岩含水层的赋存规律和涌水规律,实施了14310工作面安全回采的探、放水工程、泄水巷工程和完善排水系统等相关水害综合防治方法,最终实现了工作面的安全回采。