Quantitative Tectonic Markers of Large Coastal Earthquakes in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and Hainan——with a Discussion of Qualitative Indicators

This paper expounds the quantitative tectonic indicators and some qualitative indicators of large earthquakes in the coast areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and Hainan. The main quantitative indicators include uplift amplitude of the Moho, Quaternary and Late Holocene coasts. The paper also gives a brief account of the research method on quantitative indicators of surface uplifted zones. Taiwan is a famous neotectonic zone and an area of large earthquakes in the world. There is only one large-earthquake area in each of Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces. Along the coast large earthquake areas there are certainly many remains of crustal activity. Among these remains, coast activity, taking the sea level as the accurate marker horizon, can determine not only the amplitude of coastal elevation and subsidence in a certain period, but also the cycle and rate of positive or negative movements.     

海洋平流的季节变化对La Nia事件成熟位相锁定的作用

用一个中等复杂程度的热带海气耦合模式模拟LaNi na事件成熟位相锁定在年底左右的特征并研究其形成的机制。结果表明 ,模式能很好地模拟观测到的LaNi na事件成熟位相锁定在年底左右的特征。LaNi na事件成熟位相锁定在年底主要由海洋气候基本态引起。海洋垂直平均流是LaNi na事件成熟位相锁定在年底左右的最主要因子。由海洋气候基本态的季节变化所引起的冷平流的季节变化是LaNi na事件成熟位相锁定在年底的机制。在LaNi na事件期间 ,1～ 5月份 ,赤道中东太平洋地区的冷平流较弱 ,它不能平衡海气热量交换过程的影响 ,因而海洋表面温度增加。这一过程使海气耦合不稳定度减弱 ,从而使LaNi na事件衰减。 6～ 12月份 ,赤道中东太平洋地区的冷平流较强。海气热量交换过程的影响不能平衡较强冷平流的影响 ,因而海洋表面温度减小。这一过程使海气耦合不稳定度加强 ,从而使LaNi na事件发展。这样 ,LaNi na事件成熟位相容易出现在年底左右。     

Life cycle of Agapetus fuscipes (Trichoptera, Glossosomatidae) in a first-order upland stream in central Germany

The number of immature stages and the seasonal patterns of development are basic life history features of a stream dwelling species and knowledge about these important components are essential for understanding its adaptations to its dynamic environment. The life cycle of Agapetus fuscipes (Trichoptera, Glossosomatidae), one of the dominant scrapers in the upper and middle reaches of the Breitenbach, a first-order upland stream in central Germany, was analysed. The pronotum length and the relationship between pronotum length, larval biomass and case length showed seven distinct larval instars, contrary to earlier findings from the Breitenbach. In addition to a few trichopteran species from other functional feeding groups, A. fuscipes is the only scraping caddis fly reported to have more than five larval instars. The moult increments of pronotum length and larval biomass were distinctly lower than in glossosomatid species with five larval instars. A. fuscipes is clearly univoltine in the Breitenbach. First-instar larvae were found from July to the beginning of December, and second-instar larvae from July to January. At the beginning of December the population consisted of the instars I to V, and development did not cease during winter. The sixth-instar larvae occurred mostly in January, and the seventh-instar larvae were never present before January. The prepupae and pupae occurred in April. The last pupae were found at the beginning of September, although most of the emergence took place in June and July. At least five different immature stages with different ecological demands were present at any time throughout the year. The ecological advantage having two additional larval instars compared to other glossosomatid species may be to compensate for the high rate of mouthpart wear that occurs while the larvae feed on the rough Bunter Sandstone substratum. A further advantage may be to spread the risk of high mortality under unfavourable environmental conditions.     

富营养化湖泊蓝藻—芦苇碎屑堆积分解过程及其潜在的共代谢效应

为探究富营养化浅水湖泊所富集的有机物对湖泊碳循环和水质的影响,本研究构建微宇宙系统,模拟蓝藻和芦苇碎屑单独分解及混合分解过程.通过测定各组上覆水营养盐浓度、有机质含量及结构的变化,揭示富营养化湖泊藻草残体混合分解过程中养分和有机碳的释放特征.结果 表明,在实验0～88 h内,在添加相同的碳源条件下,蓝藻和芦苇混合处理组...     

Natural thermoluminescence of fossil foraminiferals as a potential proxy for deep-sea temperature changes

Foraminiferal shells from two piston cores separately located at the Ninetyeast Ridge and the Bengal Fan of the Indian Ocean were selected and purified for measurements of natural thermoluminescence （NTL） intensity by a high precision thermoluminescence meter （RGD-3）. Variations of the NTL intensity along the two core sequences both spanning the last two glacial--interglacial cycles displayed a strong, identical signal of the global ice volume cycles, which matched well with their corresponding oxygen isotope data. As higher NTL intensity occurred within interglacial periods and changes in an NTL signal were most likely influenced by the temperature of ambient seawater in which the planktonic foraminiferal shells long existed, the NTL signal could be considered as a potential proxy for orbital scale temperature changes of bottom seawater in the tropical Indian Ocean.     

地质甲烷对大气甲烷源与汇的贡献

地质甲烷是除湿地外最大的一类自然源,主要包括微渗漏、泥火山、海底渗漏、火山地热区和温泉等,这些地质源每年向大气释放约42～64 Mt甲烷气体,在整个大气甲烷收支平衡中具有重要意义.IPCC第四次报告(2007年)以前由于相关调查研究的欠缺,甚至基本数据的匮乏(包括未发现的源)以及甲烷地质成因的复杂性,对地质甲烷等烃类气体向大气的排放通量估算严重偏低.最近几年,国外相关研究者进行了一定规模的系统调查和科学研究,补充完善了有效数据库,改变了估计偏低的现状,并且使IPCC将地质来源的甲烷单独列项.相对来讲,我国在这一领域的研究还刚刚起步,与国际水平相差甚远,包括泥火山等地质甲烷释放通量的原位测量和科学研究仍属空白.因此,适时总结国内外相关研究的现状和发展趋势,将有利于为开展中国地质源甲烷的研究提供有益的参考.     

云南楚雄盆地波动特征及构造沉积演化

云南楚雄盆地是扬子板块西南缘的中新生代含油气盆地, 具有复杂的构造、沉积演化历史.应用沉积波动过程分析方法, 研究了楚雄盆地演化过程中的主要周期, 得出楚雄盆地存在3个一级沉积波动周期(2 2 0Ma)、6个二级沉积波动周期(1 0 0Ma)、9.5个三级沉积波动周期(4 5Ma) 以及高频波动周期(1 0Ma、5Ma).通过对不同波动单元的波动曲线对比, 得出楚雄盆地构造沉积演化规律: 在古生代沉积中心位于盆地东部的云龙凹陷; 中生代早期, 沉积中心具有自西南向东北, 由盆地边缘向中心迁移的规律, 晚期受构造运动影响, 沉积中心有自东北向西南回迁的趋势.      

某些矿物中同心层状鲕(豆)粒的自组织成因

本文首先综述了矿物中同心层状鲕(豆)粒的基本特征,接着提出该鲕状结构的二阶段成因模式(早期胶团从沉积物中的快速形成和晚期胶团在自催化反馈机制的作用下的有序化)。最后,用自组织(耗散结掏) 理论和动力学分析方法揭示出如下结论:①自催化反馈机理是胶团中杂质元素的催化结晶;②胶团在有序化过程中能形成时-空有序的自组织结构即鲕粒同心层;③胶团中凝胶浓度和杂质元素浓度在相空间内为一极限环,定态胶团失稳后将沿着极限环闭轨演化并最终形成同心层状矿物鲕粒。寻找有序结构和自反馈机制是研究自组织结构的有效方法     

略论塔里木古生代盆地演化

依据所处板块构造位置和地球动力学环境，提出塔里木古生代盆地演化经历了震旦—泥盆纪和石炭—二叠纪两个完整的开合旋回。第一旋回自震旦纪开始张裂形成大陆裂谷，寒武—奥陶纪伸展为被动大陆边缘，志留—泥盆纪俯冲消减，泥盆纪晚期碰撞闭合，时间跨度达４００Ｍａ以上。第二旋回表现为石炭—二叠纪弧后拉张—弧后造山事件，延续仅约１００Ｍａ。     

华南寒武纪早期刺胞动物演化框架

刺胞动物是华南寒武纪早期海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,针对这类化石的研究有助于深入了解寒武纪多幕式爆发事件。本文主要根据寒武纪早期扬子板块陕南宽川铺生物群、湖北岩家河生物群以及澄江生物群产出的刺胞动物,探讨刺胞动物在寒武纪早期的演化框架,取得了以下初步认识。截至目前,所发现的寒武纪早期刺胞动物绝大多数都属于水母超纲,珊瑚纲的化石记录在寒武系幸运阶、第二阶保存较为罕见。其中寒武系幸运阶刺胞动物的化石记录全部属于底栖类型,体型小,且具有多种类型的身体辐射对称形式,绝大多数类型可以确定属于直接发育。第二阶刺胞动物仍以底栖固着类型为主,体形增大,仅见两、四辐射对称形式;而寒武系第三阶刺胞动物仍有底栖固着类型,但游泳的水母开始出现,体型增大明显,代表水母冠群的出现,以及世代交替的复杂生命周期的正式建立。从幸运阶到第三阶刺胞动物体型明显增大,可能与海水氧气含量增加有关。在寒武纪大爆发的背景下,刺胞动物的分异度和丰度在寒武系幸运阶就已经达到顶峰,然后在第二阶、第三阶开始衰减,这种变化可能与两侧对称动物辐射演化有关。华南刺胞动物的化石记录表明,寒武纪大爆发并非纯粹的一幕式爆发,其中充斥着一系列生物群的替代甚至灭绝事件。