中国大陆下扬子及邻区地壳结构基本特征:深地震测深研究综述

系统回顾了20世纪70年代以来在中国大陆下扬子及其邻区开展的深地震测深工程,总结了相关宽角反射/折射地震资料的波组特征及地壳结构的基本特征。下扬子及邻区深地震测深资料普遍具有较清晰的初至震波Pg、上地壳底界面反射波P1、中地壳底界面反射波P3、莫霍界面反射波Pm及上地幔顶部首波Pn,震相连续,易追踪对比。受浅表沉积盖层或基岩等的影响,Pg波常出现局部延迟滞后或走时超前现象。尤其是大别造山带个别炮点的反射能量较弱或同相轴扭曲、波形紊乱等,均与地壳内界面和莫霍面的深度突变或破碎有关。该区域地壳结构大致分为上、中、下3层,但视资料情况中地壳和下地壳又可进一步划分为2个亚层。华北地台和扬子地台地壳厚度30~36km,莫霍界面形态变化较缓,存在局部隆起,下地壳平均速度6.7±0.3km/s。但大别造山带下方地壳厚度32~41km,莫霍界面下凹且出现4~7km垂向错断,下地壳平均速度6.8±0.2km/s。     

地震CT技术在城市地质勘察中的应用研究

本文通过应用地震层析成像（cT）技术,对跨孔成像法采集得到的初至波走时,用基于最短路径法的弯曲射线追踪正演和基于LSQR算法的反演技术进行处理。与测井资料联合解释,得到井间波速分布图,对井控范围内的地层构造和地基注浆效果进行了研究,最终得到断裂构造带和人防空洞的分布。认为地震cT在进行城市环境地质调查与评价、浅层工程地质勘察时,能够解决地层岩性和构造的复杂性,对目标环境进行准确预测,在城市环境地质研究和基础设施建设中起重要作用,对促进城市地球物理勘察技术的发展有重要意义。     

气候变化对我国若干重大工程的影响

全球气候变化,特别是升温、降水强度增加以及极端天气气候事件频发,会通过影响重大工程的设施本身、重要辅助设备以及重大工程所依托的环境,从而进一步影响工程的安全性、稳定性、可靠性和耐久性,并对重大工程的运行效率和经济效益产生一定影响,气候变化还对重大工程的技术标准和工程措施产生影响。本文以青藏铁路（公路）工程、高速铁路工程、重大水利水电工程为典型工程阐述气候变化对重大工程的影响。青藏铁路（公路）沿线的冻土环境的热平衡极易打破,多年冻土环境一经破坏,难以恢复,气候变化已经使多年冻土环境发生变化,并且未来的多年冻土退化在全球变暖的背景下将变得更加严重。未来中国地区的地表气温、年平均降水量、台风等都将发生变化,极端天气气候事件频发,影响我国高速铁路的气候变化向着不利于高铁工程的趋势发展,将给高铁基础设施的服役寿命以及高铁运输秩序等方面带来影响。气候变化导致的温度变化、降水变化,改变了水资源的时空分布规律,对水工程和水安全在水量分配和调度、水资源利用和水文风险管理等产生影响。     

南水北调中线水源区植被覆盖度遥感监测分析

南水北调中线工程是我国大规模跨流域调水工程的一部分,开展该区域植被覆盖度变化的研究与分析,对于保护该区域的生态环境及水质具有重要意义。该文以2000年和2009年两期遥感图像为本底数据,利用基于NDVI的像元二分模型对南水北调中线水源区的植被覆盖度进行了估算,并分析了该区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000年该水源区植被覆盖度的平均值为67.5%,2009年的平均值达到72%,植被覆盖度总体呈增长趋势;植被覆盖度增幅的空间特征表现为水源区中部地区高,东西部地区相对较低;在不同植被类型中,落叶针叶林的覆盖度平均值增幅最大,草地覆盖度增幅最小;位于水源区的大多数县(市)的植被覆盖度在近十年来都有不同程度的增加,其中柞水县的植被覆盖度平均值增长幅度最大,这与国家实施退耕还林、封山育林、基本农田建设等政策有关。     

Cold war geopolitics: Embassy locations

Abstract

The geopolitics of the Cold War is illustrated by the diplomatic ties between countries, particularly the two superpowers and their respective allies. Specifically, the location of embassies abroad and those hosted by countries are examined to determine what they reflect about larger geopolitical issues. This article grew out of class projects used in introductory human geography courses to teach place name, library, writing, analytical, computer, and cartographic skills. The global patterns of embassy locations for all countries are first examined and then the particular patterns of the United States, the Soviet Union, and NATO and Warsaw Pact countries. A comparison between the location of U.S. and Soviet embassies shows that the Cold War was geographically visible only for “minor” states. The Warsaw Pact countries were ideologically more unified in the location of their embassies than the NATO countries. With the collapse of Cold War geopolitics, embassy locations are already changing, signaling major transformations to a New World Order. Geographers will need to monitor these newly emerging patterns and teach their students how to examine them.     

Cities on the global real estate marketplace: urban development policy and the circulation of financial standards in two French localities

ABSTRACT

Departing from localized accounts of the role of local governments in the financialization of the built environment, this article outlines their contribution to the process through increasing attendance at global real estate fairs such as the Marché international des professionnels de l’immobilier (Mipim), where they showcase investment opportunities. Following urban political economy approaches centered on the transcalar intermediations of financialization, Mipim is conceptualized as a site of the circulation of the expectations of investors that involves spatial and temporal dimensions. Based on a comparison of two local authorities in France, namely the Grand Lyon metropolitan authority and Saint-Ouen municipality, the article examines the motives, modalities, and outcomes of their attendance. If both committed to the event despite opposite political agendas, the impact of Mipim has been more significant in the case of the Grand Lyon, where the metropolitan authority adjusted not only the type of showcased projects over the years, but also their content as well as its local planning strategy. The article explains why and how, and discusses under which conditions Mipim is not a mere display showcase, but instead can actively contribute to the adjustment of urban space and governance to the requirements of financial markets.     

Approaches for Monitoring and Assessment of Ecological Benefits of National Key Ecological Projects

In recent decades, due to the combined effect of human activities and climate change, the ecosystem of our country has been continuously degraded, seriously affecting the sustainable economic and social development. In order to protect and recover the ecosystem, China has invested heavily in launching a series of key ecological programs and projects including North Shelter Forest Program, Grain for Green Project and integrated ecosystem management of rock desertification. How to comprehensively and timely grasp the ecological effects and existing flaws of the implementation of key ecological projects so as to scroll the implementation of ecological projects and ensure the implementation effect of the projects, and promote the follow-up ecological engineering deployment of being scientific and space-oriented is a major imperative for the country. Therefore, the National Key Research and Development Program of China set up the project of “Monitoring and Assessment of Ecological Benefits of Key Ecological Engineering in China”. Through the implementation of this project, we will establish an indicator system for monitoring and evaluating the ecological benefits of key ecological projects, developing various technical systems for monitoring and evaluating the ecological benefits of key ecological projects, quantitatively evaluating the ecological benefits of key ecological projects, and concise the technical approaches to enhancing ecological benefits. We will provide a scientific basis for future planning and management of key ecological projects.     

“煤成油”—能源勘探的一个新领域

含煤地层中以腐殖型有机质为主的成煤物质在成煤过程中、特别是在沥青化过程中形成的“煤成油”已经成为能源勘探中的具有极大吸引力的一个重要方向。我国的油田多为陆相成因,属高含蜡质油,含油岩系与煤系共生或有密切关系。“煤成烃”理论,尤其是“煤成油”理论无论在理论上或实践中都存在许多需要解决的问题。“煤成油”理论所涉及的问题综其根本不外三个主要方面:一是煤及煤的各组成部分的成油能力和鉴定特征;二是形成物的运移,特别指的是初次运移;三是烃源对比和源源对比。而实用意义则在于对煤成油分布规律的研究和对开发的经济可行性的评价。     

日本在亚洲前沿的构造定位及其对中国东部区域构造的含义

日本列岛是晚古生代以来洋、陆沿活动陆缘汇聚及南来地体拼贴的产物，在日本海中新世张开以前曾是亚洲大陆的一部分，因此其历史对于完善东亚显生宙后期的构造演化记录是极为可贵的。本文在有关研究成果的基础上提出：(1)日本列岛主体是中亚造山带沿走向的延伸，记录了从朝鲜半岛向南中生代亚洲大陆的增生历史。中朝克拉通的东界应在它的西面经图们江带弧形转折后沿朝鲜半岛以东南下。(2)从锡霍特阿林到菲律宾，亚洲前沿以侏罗纪为主的消减-增生杂岩也可能在闽粤沿海的大片中生代火山岩下面发现；长乐-南澳变质带可能相当于巴拉望或西菲律宾地块并与日本的黑濑川带有关。(3)日本学者有关飞骅边缘带是秦岭-大别缝合带向东延续的论述，提示该带可能是中亚和秦岭两个造山带向东延续的复合，中朝和扬子陆块在它以西依次尖灭。