北京地区一次典型大雾天气的空气污染过程物理量分布特征

2002年11月30至12月4日，北京持续4天大雾天气，空气污染物在持续的稳定层结条件下，空气质量连续3天达5级以上。文中分析了大雾天气各主要污染物的变化特征，以及此次过程中天气形势的特点及演变，并对造成大雾日空气污染天气的物理量分布特征进行分析。结果表明：高空WNW气流、稳定性持续增加、逆温层结持续存在、低空风速较小、相对湿度大，导致局地污染物不能及时随大气扩散；1000～700hPa有弱的上升气流形成和维持，与500hPa高空下沉气流之间在低空的某层高度上形成稳定层结(逆温层)，导致大雾及重污染的形成；850hPa为暖区，850～500hPa为冷平流，有利于大雾的形成和加重。     

广西前汛期冷锋云系中尺度对流云团卫星云图特征分析

通过对1994～2002年间9次由冷锋云系中尺度对流云团分析,发现广西前汛期冷锋云系中尺度对流云团的源地主要是黔西南和黔中;移动方向是东或东南;当环境云场强度指数≥28有利对流云团的发展,≤26时不利对流云团的发展;初步研究了中尺度对流云团生命史不同阶段的卫星云图形态特征,给出了中尺度对流云团降水的时空分布特征。     

MODELING STUDY ON SEDIMENTATION CONFIGURATION IN FRONT OF THE DAM AND IN THE PRESSURE CONDUIT OF BOTTOM OUTLETS BY FLUME EXPERIMENT

I.INTRODUCTIONReseri,oirsonoverloadedriverswillreachthestateofrelativeequilibriumwithcontinuousdevelopmentofsedimentation.Insuchcase,thereisdePOsitinfrontofthedam.Thereforethesiltpressureonthedambodyisconsiderablylarge.Sedimentationelevationinfrontofthedamisoneofthefactorsofcalculatingthesiltpressure.Inaddition,tokeeplong-termworkingstorageinreservoif,itisnecessarytoinstallbottomoutlets.Asthereisapressureconduitinfrontoftheoperatinggateofthebottomoutlet,thesedimelltenteredtheconduitwill…     

“96.8”特大暴雨的中尺度对流云团特征

１９９６年８月３－５日河北省的西南部地区出现了特大暴雨过程。此次特大暴雨，主要是８６０８号台风登陆后减弱为低气压西北上，副热带高压加强西进，低层从东北部有弱冷空气扩散南下，在暴雨区域形成湿斜压锋区，触发不稳定能量释放，致使台我低压北方形成３个中尺度对流云团所致。     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS*

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause and stratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latent heat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It is demonstrated that(1) the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontal structure only in the upper levels;(2) a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and a region of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists on the warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is located on the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3) the above mentioned structure deteriorates as the frontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic process with condensational heating;(4) the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and the latent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to form an intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoretical importance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especially in understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during early summer over East Asia.     

A mixed finite element method for Hele-Shaw cell equations

A new numerical method to solve the system of equations describing two phase flow in a Hele-Shaw cell is presented. It combines a mixed finite element method, the method of subtraction of the singularity and a front tracking grid in a single computational strategy. This choice of discretization techniques is well motivated by the difficulties present in the system of equations and the physics of the problem. The new method was tested against analytical solutions and also by solving the Saffman–Taylor viscous fingering problem for finite and infinite mobility ratios. In both cases convergence under mesh refinement is achieved for the fingers developed from an initial sinusoidal interface. Finger splitting is observed for low values of the surface tension and high mobility ratio. Different explanations, based in our results, are provided for this phenomenon. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Monitoring of rapid salt weathering in the central Namib Desert using limestone blocks

Pre-weighed blocks of a Jurassic Limestone were exposed on the ground surface in the coastal Namib Desert for a period of 2 years. The environment is both salty and foggy. Some of the blocks suffered extensive disintegration, and laboratory analyses (including geochemistry, XRD and SEM) indicate that the weathered samples have a high halite (sodium chloride) content. Cycles of wetting and drying associated with the frequent fog events of the area cause cycles of halite crystallization. Rocks exposed at the surface absorb salts from the surrounding desert surface and then disintegrate, contributing to planation of the landscape.     

雾探测器现场对比试验方法研究

简单介绍了WT-1型雾探测器的结构和现场试验情况，对试验期间(2001年12月1日至2002年5月31日)所获取的数据进行了统计分析，计算了试验期间雾探测器数据的缺测率、与人工观测数据及芬兰同类产品的测量结果之间的相关系数，三者之间的相符率，以及数据随时间的变化趋势。以数据处理结果为依据，客观地阐述了雾探测器的优缺点，以及与目前世界上普遍认可的芬兰能见度仪之间的差距，同时也提出了雾探测器改进的一些建议。     

应用"极值剔除"和"逐步消空"法建立太原机场11月份辐射大雾预报指标集

本文介绍了利用“极值剔除”和“逐步消空”方法建立太原机场11月份辐射大雾预报指标集的具体过程，并对得出的预报指标进行回报检验，以证实其在业务中的切实可行性。     

复杂区域四边形网格生成的一种改进方法

提出了一种改进的四边形网格生成算法。该法在行波法生成平面三角形网格的基础上，将一个三角形单元分解为三个四边形单元。经过优化处理，获得优良的计算域四边形网格。针对岩土工程结构问题，还提出了网格剖分中尖灭不连续面和锚杆及锚索的处理方案。地下洞室和边坡算例表明了这种方法的可行性和可靠性。