Mesoscale numerical simulation study of warm fog dissipation by salt particles seeding

Based on the dynamic framework of WRF and Morrison 2-moment explicit cloud scheme, a salt-seeding scheme was developed and used to simulate the dissipation of a warm fog event during 6–7 November 2009 in the Beijing and Tianjin area. The seeding effect and its physical mechanism were studied. The results indicate that when seeding fog with salt particles sized 80 μm and at a quantity of 6 gm~(-2) at the fog top, the seeding effect near the ground surface layer is negative in the beginning period, and then a positive seeding effect begins to appear at 18 min, with the best effect appearing at 21 min after seeding operation. The positive effect can last about 35 min. The microphysical mechanism of the warm fog dissipation is because of the evaporation due to the water vapor condensation on the salt particles and coalescence with salt particles.The process of fog water coalescence with salt particles contributed mostly to this warm fog dissipation. Furthermore, two series of sensitivity experiments were performed to study the seeding effect under different seeding amounts and salt particles sizes. The results show that seeding fog with salt particles sized of 80 μm can have the best seeding effect, and the seeding effect is negative when the salt particle size is less than 10 μm. For salt particles sized 80 μm, the best seeding effect, with corresponding visibility of 380 m, can be achieved when the seeding amount is 30 g m~(-2).     

纳米氧化物颗粒对水基钻井液润滑性能影响的试验研究

通过在水基钻井液中添加纳米氧化物颗粒,来改善其润滑性能。选用了Al2O3、TiO2及SiO2三种纳米氧化物颗粒作为钻井液改性添加剂,利用极压润滑仪及销盘摩擦磨损实验仪研究了添加不同种类和浓度纳米颗粒氧化物对水基钻井液的润滑性能及减摩效果的影响。结果表明,所添加的3种球形纳米颗粒均有润滑减阻减摩的效果,其中SiO2颗粒的钻井液的润滑性能、滤失性能以及减摩效果都是最好的。当纳米SiO2颗粒加量为0.4%时,滤失量最小,润滑系数降低率达到15.6%,摩擦系数降低率为32.0%,磨痕轨迹平滑,减摩效果最为明显。当纳米颗粒浓度超过0.5%时,减摩效果降低,磨盘脱层磨损明显。     

Axial friction response of full-scale pipes in soft clays

The axial friction response of subsea pipelines in soft clays is a very important aspect for designers of subsea pipelines but the response is not well understood so far. There is a pressing need for the comprehension of the response. In this paper, model tests are performed using full-scale pipes coated with polyethylene (PE) to study the effects of the set-up period, the pipe diameter, the buried depth of the pipe, the shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate on the axial friction response of pipelines in soft clays. The variations of the axial friction coefficient are analyzed using the effective stress method based on model test results. The results show that the axial friction resistance increases with the increasing pipe diameter but the effect of the pipe diameter on the axial friction coefficient can be neglected. The ultimate axial resistance also increases with the increase of the buried depth of pipelines, the undrained shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate. The axial friction coefficient increases with the increasing loading rate. However, the axial friction coefficient decreases with the increasing buried depth. The method to determine the axial friction coefficient is developed by analyzing model test results, which considers the effects of the diameter, the buried depth, the undrained shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate. The study results not only extend the industry data base but also supply a basis to determine the axial friction coefficient of PE-coated pipes in soft clays for ocean engineering geological investigations.     

大洋涌浪耗散研究及模式应用的进展及主要问题

大洋中涌浪普遍存在且对大气-海洋之间的物理过程有较大影响,但目前对涌浪的耗散过程研究尚不充分。总结了关于涌浪传播和耗散的观测事实,着重指出利用遥感数据推进相关研究的可能性;同时分析可能的物理机制,并论述其在海浪模式中的应用及不足。通过梳理大洋涌浪耗散的研究进展,为今后开展涌浪相关研究提供依据。     

不同刚度植物杆群对规则波传播及紊动特性影响研究

以不同刚度硅胶圆杆群为概化植物模型,测定其抗弯弹性模量,通过波浪水槽实验,研究规则波在不同刚度植物杆群内的流速分布、紊动特征及不同刚度杆群的消浪效果。实验结果表明,当波浪通过柔性杆群时,受其摆动的影响,流速周期变化从单峰型逐渐转变成双峰型,杆群刚度越小形成的二次波峰越明显;不同刚度杆群内水体紊动强度变化显示,杆群刚度越大,造成杆群内水体的紊动强度越大;随着杆群抗弯弹性模量的增大,其消浪系数也增大,消浪系数的增长与材料的抗弯弹性模量值非线性关系,而是在某一弹性模量范围内,对消浪系数的影响较为敏感。     

活动断裂带岩石的变形机制和摩擦性质—以圣·安德列斯断层为例

岩石的变形机制和力学性质对认识活动断裂带的孕震机制和发震过程都具有重要意义。圣·安德列斯（San Andreas）转换断层是太平洋板块与北美板块的构造边界,也是重要的地震活动带,总结了美国南加州地震中心对圣·安德列斯断层钻孔断层岩的研究进展。对断层泥的高速摩擦实验发现：动力弱化现象只在高速滑移时才发生,伴随着摩擦生热,岩石的摩擦系数显著降低。断层泥中富镁黏土矿物的富集可以显著降低断层的摩擦系数,促进蠕滑,黏土矿物的不均一分布可导致断裂带变形行为和地震分布的突变。与断层泥和碎裂岩不同,粉碎岩形成于快速传播地震的断裂端部,具高孔隙率和高渗透率,流体活动性强。此外,断层岩的有机质成熟度可用来追溯古地震造成的热异常。在川滇中国地震科学实验场开展科学钻探项目,研究断层岩样品的显微结构、物理性质和变形历史,以期为理解大陆汇聚与转换挤压过程中复杂的地震活动提供重要信息。     

GRAPES全球集合预报系统模式扰动随机动能补偿方案初步探究

为了体现次网格尺度能量升尺度转换过程中存在的不确定性, 文中将随机动能补偿(Stochastic Kinetic Energy Backscatter, SKEB)方案应用于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)全球集合预报系统(GRAPES-GEPS), 以更好地表征模式误差并且增大集合离散度。使用的SKEB方案基于具有一定时、空相关特征的随机型以及由数值扩散导致的局地动能耗散率来构造随机流函数强迫。并根据流函数与水平风速旋转分量的关系, 将SKEB方案中的流函数强迫转化为适用于GRAPES全球模式的水平风速扰动。结果表明, SKEB方案的使用一方面能够提高GRAPES对大气动能谱的模拟能力; 另一方面能够改善GRAPES-GEPS的集合离散度与集合平均误差的关系, 增加了集合离散度, 并在一定程度上减小了集合平均误差, 尤其是在热带地区这种改进更为显著。而且该方案使得热带地区连续分级概率评分(CRPS评分)显著减小。就降水预报而言, 从Brier评分与相对作用特征面积(AROC, Area under the Relative Operating Characteristics)的结果来看, SKEB方案有助于改善中国地区小雨[0.1 mm, 10 mm)、中雨[10 mm, 25 mm)与大雨[25 mm, 50 mm)量级降水的概率预报技巧, 而对暴雨[50 mm, ∞)量级降水预报技巧影响很小(24 h降水量)。总体上, 模式扰动随机动能补偿方案提高了GRAPES-GEPS的概率预报技巧。      

TESTING OF ENERGY DISSIPATING CLADDING CONNECTIONS

Properly designed precast concrete cladding could potentially provide lateral stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation for an overall building structure, especially during earthquakes. This paper describes a set of advanced connections that take advantage of the interaction between facade panels and structure (mainly due to horizontal interstorey drift) to dissipate energy, thereby reducing the response of the main structure. The results of an experimental program to characterize the hysteretic behaviour of advanced connections are presented. Design equations for the advanced connections are then calibrated against the test results, and the corresponding design charts are presented. It is anticipated that this research will lead to innovative ways of viewing the entire cladding system of a building.     

FRP约束混凝土柱抗震性能若干问题的探讨

基于实验研究和理论分析结果,对纤维增强复合材料(FRP)约束混凝土柱抗震性能研究中存在的若干关键问题进行了探讨,包括FRP约束混凝土构件在往复荷载作用下的受力特点、破坏特征、荷载-位移关系、弯矩-曲率关系、耗能及延性变化规律等,最后重点探讨了FRP约束混凝土柱在往复荷载作用下的刚度特性。     

基于ANSYS软件benchmark模型耗能减振控制分析

本文系统介绍了当前国际结构振动控制的公共平台———Benchm ark模型,首次给出使用通用有限元软件ANSYS对第3阶段20层非线性钢框架抗震结构的有限元建模,结果表明,模态、无控地震反应分析结果和ASCE给出的MATLAB结果相同。利用粘滞阻尼器对此模型的耗能减振数值仿真分析的结果表明:粘滞阻尼器是一种性能很好的阻尼器,使用本文给出ANSYS的Benchm ark有限元模型来进行耗能减振控制分析是方便的、可行的。