雨雪冰冻天气多普勒雷达产品特征

2008年1月下旬至2月上旬福建省西部北部出现了历史罕见的雨雪冰冻灾害。利用多普勒雷达反射率、回波顶高、径向速度、垂直风廓线等产品对此次雨雪冰冻天气进行特征分析,通过分析发现:①冰晶和雪的回波强度通常比连续性降水回波弱,在反射率图上,回波表现为边缘毛松,丝缕状纹理结构明显,边缘模糊不清,没有确定的边界;②回波顶高和零度层较低,因为垂直方向大气相对较稳定,不利于对流发展,降水粒子没有发展到高空;③在径向速度图上存在牛眼,说明在低空有急流存在。在低层有环形的零速度线,中高层的零速度线为倒"S"形,表明低层有风切变存在,中高层有冷平流;④风廓线图上高层为西南风,中层为西北风,低层为西南风,近地层为东北风。说明从近地层到高层为"冷-暖-冷-暖"的层结结构,有利于冻雨天气形成。     

Freeze coring soft sediments in tropical lakes

A new freeze corer is described that is specifically designed for operation in warm tropical lakes. It combines the standard wedge-shaped freeze-on container with a 20-liter thermos from which pellets of solid CO₂ descend into the wedge to replace those that have sublimated. This extends the duration of effective freezing from ~20 to ~45 min, sufficient to form an adequate thickness of frozen crust in warm (> 22 °C) lakes and prevent its premature melting during retrieval through the water column. The instrument contains no electrical components, which simplifies construction, operation, and maintenance. The front and back surfaces of the freeze wedge are fitted length-wise with serrated ridges to facilitate removal of the crust as four rectangular sediment slabs. The feasibility of freeze coring studies in tropical regions is mainly determined by the local availability of a large-volume dry ice producer.     

南极海洋性气候区土壤水分动态变化研究

利用特制的石膏抗冻电极作为土壤水分探测探头 ,对南极海洋性气候区乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛上两个土壤类型饱和寒冻石质土和贫盐基寒冻始成土进行了土壤自由水分含量动态变化定位监测。研究结果表明 ,本区土壤解冻期可持续 5～ 6个月甚至更长 ,解冻期内土壤自由水主要来自于大气降水、地表融雪、坡面径流以及水平侧渗。土壤水分动态变化规律因土壤类型差异以及剖面底部有无永冻层而表现出明显的不同。另外 ,土壤进入冻结与解冻期的时间、冻融作用的强度以及土壤自由水分状况具有明显的年际变化。     

被动微波遥感近地表土壤冻融状态数据产品对比及分析

近地表土壤冻融循环过程是陆面过程的"开关",对地表能量过程、水文过程、植被动态、温室气体交换和生态系统功能等都具有重要影响.除了依靠传统观测手段判别地表冻融,被动微波卫星遥感技术已被成熟运用于全球尺度地表冻融研究中.利用被动微波卫星遥感亮温监测地表冻融大致经历了理论基础和算法的研制、算法参数的验证和应用以及建立数据集三...     

Typical Soft–Sediment Deformation Structures Induced by Freeze/Thaw Cycles: A Case Study of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in the Northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau

With the objective of establishing a distinction between deformation structures caused by freeze/thaw cycles and those resulting from seismic activity, we studied three well–exposed alluvial deposits in a section at Dogai Coring, northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Deformation is present in the form of plastic structures(diapirs, folds and clastic dykes), brittle structures(micro–faults) and cryogenic wedges. These soft–sediment deformation features(except the micro–faults) are mainly characterized by meter–scale, non–interlayered, low–speed and low–pressure displacements within soft sediments, most commonly in the form of plastic deformation. Taking into account the geographic setting, lithology and deformation features, we interpret these soft–sediment deformation features as the products of freeze/thaw cycles, rather than of earthquake–induced shock waves, thus reflecting regional temperature changes and fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions in the uppermost sediments. The micro–faults(close to linear hot springs) are ascribed to regional fault activity; however, we were unable to identify the nature of the micro–faults, perhaps due to disturbance by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles. This study may serve as a guide to recognizing the differences between deformation structures attributed to freeze/thaw cycles and seismic processes.     

Micro-computed tomography imaging and probabilistic modelling of rock fracture by freeze–thaw

A major problem in studies of rock fracture by frost is the paucity of direct observations in space and time of the initiation and growth of microcracks and their transition to macrocracks. Such observations are essential to understand the location, timing and controls of rock fracture by freeze–thaw. The aim of the present work is to image and elucidate the early stages of rock fracture by applying imaging and statistical methods to a frost-weathering experiment using intact specimens of a limestone (chalk) and sandstone. First, micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) is used to visualize rock fracture in three dimensions over the course of 20 freeze–thaw cycles and to estimate transverse strain using a pixel-based approach. Second, probabilistic correlation functions are applied to quantify the progressive expansion of the fracture phase and associated damage to rock specimens. The method of μ-CT is demonstrated for visualizing the growth and coalescence of microcracks and their transition to macrocracks. Fracture proceeded faster and to a greater extent in chalk relative to sandstone, and the macrocracks in chalk were mostly concentric and vertical. Both fracture development and positive transverse strain (dilation) accelerated after cycle 15, suggesting that a threshold has been exceeded, after which macrocracks were evident. Of three probabilistic correlation functions applied to the μ-CT results, the modified lineal-path function – which measures the continuous connectivity of the fracture phase in a specific direction – reveals that damage was more extensive in the chalk than the sandstone. It also allows a novel approach to define and quantify three zones of microcracking during freeze–thaw cycling of anisotropic rock: (1) the zone of inherent flaws; (2) the zone of active microcracking; and (3) the zone of weak influence during microcracking. The broader significance of this work is that it provides a new approach to investigate mechanistically how frost action damages rock. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用区域自动站资料分析核桃花期冻害气象条件及成因

利用太行山南部核桃种植区100个区域自动站和6个国家气象站的常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和临城"绿岭"核桃种植基地核桃发育期观测及冻害资料,对核桃遭遇花期冻害时区域自动站和国家站之间的气温指标相关性及种植区冻害风险气候特征进行研究,结果表明:1区域自动站和国家气象站的气温相关性显著,其中,90%的站点相关系数高于0.9;2同一时刻,区域站气温与海拔高度呈负相关,当核桃花期国家气象站气温分别低于3.6℃、2℃、0.4℃、-0.4℃时,可能受冻的核桃种植区海拔高度分别为1000m以上、600m以上、200m和0m以上。3太行山南部山区核桃花期年平均冻害风险日数为3.4天。4核桃花期冻害和极涡及乌拉尔山高压脊异常偏强有关。     

陕西果树花期低温冻害特征及防御对策

利用陕西省30个苹果(梨)基地县气象站1961～2000年3～5月气象资料及2001～2006年9个苹果(梨)基地县气象站物候观测资料,采用气象统计、田间试验和灾害调查相结合的方法,确定了不同等级果树花期冻害的预警指标:严重低温冻害(TD≤-2℃)、低温冻害(-2℃相似文献   

青藏高原地区近地表冻融状态判别算法研究

青藏高原地区以其独特的气候水文特征被称为“亚洲水塔”, 这一地区广泛分布的冻土及其冻融过程对地表非绝热加热与水文过程具有重要影响。然而, 恶劣和复杂的地理环境为这一区域的地表冻融过程本地观测和遥感监测均带来极大挑战。本文利用AMSR-2传感器遥感数据开展青藏高原地区的近地表冻融判别算法研究, 包括判别式算法和季节性阈值算法, 并使用4个青藏高原典型地区的土壤温湿度密集观测网数据对算法进行区域适应性优化。研究特别针对季节性阈值算法进行了两点改进: 首先考虑到地表发射率的变化对于冻融相态的转变指示更为直接,故采用6.9 GHz水平(H)极化的准发射率替换季节性阈值算法中的原有冻结因子; 其次使用一种新的数据归一化方法：标准差归一化方法, 用以替代原有的离差归一化方法, 并通过阈值设定对判别精度的影响分析改进后的优势。结果证明, 冻融判别式算法在升轨时期的整体精度最具优势, 其优势在于能够减少夏季地表发射率复杂变化导致的误判, 基于标准差归一化方法的季节性阈值算法在降轨时期的整体精度具有优势。通过对不同典型区域的冻融土辐射特征和判别精度的分析, 发现地表发射率的变幅(初始液态含水量)大小是影响所有冻融判别算法精度的最关键因素。     

富拉尔基热电总厂粉煤灰敏感性指标的试验研究

以富拉尔基热电总厂粉煤灰为研究对象，对其与水和温度有关的各项敏感性指标－渗透稳定性、软化特性、冻融强度损失和冻胀性进行了试验研究。