南极海洋性气候区土壤水分动态变化研究

利用特制的石膏抗冻电极作为土壤水分探测探头 ,对南极海洋性气候区乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛上两个土壤类型饱和寒冻石质土和贫盐基寒冻始成土进行了土壤自由水分含量动态变化定位监测。研究结果表明 ,本区土壤解冻期可持续 5～ 6个月甚至更长 ,解冻期内土壤自由水主要来自于大气降水、地表融雪、坡面径流以及水平侧渗。土壤水分动态变化规律因土壤类型差异以及剖面底部有无永冻层而表现出明显的不同。另外 ,土壤进入冻结与解冻期的时间、冻融作用的强度以及土壤自由水分状况具有明显的年际变化。     

白垩系地层深井冻结壁温度场分布规律

西部地区主要为白垩系软岩地层, 煤炭资源储量大, 成为我国重要产煤区. 白垩系软岩地层冻结壁温度场分布规律尚不清楚, 给白垩系地层冻结法凿井设计与施工带了一定的困难. 通过现场实测、室内试验和数值模拟等手段, 获得了白垩系地层冻结软岩热物理参数分布规律、力学特性及深井冻结壁冻融规律. 测点冻结温度场反演白垩系冻结软岩导热系数值一般介于3.328~3.465 W·m^-1·K^-1之间, 现场实测表明: 白垩系地层融冻时间比一般为1.0~1.2之间. 研究白垩系地层冻融规律, 对指导我国西部地区白垩系地层冻结法凿井设计与施工具有重要的理论参考价值.     

Freeze coring soft sediments in tropical lakes

A new freeze corer is described that is specifically designed for operation in warm tropical lakes. It combines the standard wedge-shaped freeze-on container with a 20-liter thermos from which pellets of solid CO₂ descend into the wedge to replace those that have sublimated. This extends the duration of effective freezing from ~20 to ~45 min, sufficient to form an adequate thickness of frozen crust in warm (> 22 °C) lakes and prevent its premature melting during retrieval through the water column. The instrument contains no electrical components, which simplifies construction, operation, and maintenance. The front and back surfaces of the freeze wedge are fitted length-wise with serrated ridges to facilitate removal of the crust as four rectangular sediment slabs. The feasibility of freeze coring studies in tropical regions is mainly determined by the local availability of a large-volume dry ice producer.     

被动微波遥感近地表土壤冻融状态数据产品对比及分析

近地表土壤冻融循环过程是陆面过程的"开关",对地表能量过程、水文过程、植被动态、温室气体交换和生态系统功能等都具有重要影响.除了依靠传统观测手段判别地表冻融,被动微波卫星遥感技术已被成熟运用于全球尺度地表冻融研究中.利用被动微波卫星遥感亮温监测地表冻融大致经历了理论基础和算法的研制、算法参数的验证和应用以及建立数据集三...     

20m^2蒸发池水体冻结特征分析

对4年20m^2蒸发池无积雪覆盖条件下的冰期试验资料分析表明：日平均气温稳定低于－2.8℃是冰期稳定冻结的开始，冰期冻结厚度与－2.8℃的积温有密切的关系。冰体年最大冻结厚度与积温、冻结历时天数呈线性关系；冻结厚度与负积温有相关性很好的“s”形曲线关系。     

A new hammer-driven freeze corer

A shortcoming of freeze corers has been the inability to collect long cores in stiff sediments. We describe a hammerdriven freeze corer that collects undisturbed sediment cores up to 1.3 m in length in stiff or soft lake sediments. The corer was tested in prairie, montane and alpine lakes of western Canada. For these stiff sediments, conventional (gravity-only) freeze coring methods collected cores ranging from 25–59 cm compared with 100–124 cm for our hammer-driven device. The maximum length of cores could exceed 1.3 m if a longer core barrel was constructed.     

金衢盆地、湘南及赣南地区柑桔冻害气候分析

系统分析了近40多年来金衢盆地、湘南及赣南地区柑桔冻害气候特征、越冬期低温变化规律及发展柑桔生产的气候对策。应用谱分析方法,得出极端最低气温主要周期为2—3年,负积温主要周期为9—11年,提出柑桔冻害出现频率以金衢盆地、赣东南地区最大,湘南大部地区、赣南及闽北柑桔冻害频率最小。预测本区柑桔冻害在本世纪末金华地区有中度冻害,吉安、衡阳两地区在2000年前柑桔基本上不会发生冻害。     

青藏高原地区近地表冻融状态判别算法研究

青藏高原地区以其独特的气候水文特征被称为“亚洲水塔”, 这一地区广泛分布的冻土及其冻融过程对地表非绝热加热与水文过程具有重要影响。然而, 恶劣和复杂的地理环境为这一区域的地表冻融过程本地观测和遥感监测均带来极大挑战。本文利用AMSR-2传感器遥感数据开展青藏高原地区的近地表冻融判别算法研究, 包括判别式算法和季节性阈值算法, 并使用4个青藏高原典型地区的土壤温湿度密集观测网数据对算法进行区域适应性优化。研究特别针对季节性阈值算法进行了两点改进: 首先考虑到地表发射率的变化对于冻融相态的转变指示更为直接,故采用6.9 GHz水平(H)极化的准发射率替换季节性阈值算法中的原有冻结因子; 其次使用一种新的数据归一化方法：标准差归一化方法, 用以替代原有的离差归一化方法, 并通过阈值设定对判别精度的影响分析改进后的优势。结果证明, 冻融判别式算法在升轨时期的整体精度最具优势, 其优势在于能够减少夏季地表发射率复杂变化导致的误判, 基于标准差归一化方法的季节性阈值算法在降轨时期的整体精度具有优势。通过对不同典型区域的冻融土辐射特征和判别精度的分析, 发现地表发射率的变幅(初始液态含水量)大小是影响所有冻融判别算法精度的最关键因素。     

Typical Soft–Sediment Deformation Structures Induced by Freeze/Thaw Cycles: A Case Study of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in the Northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau

With the objective of establishing a distinction between deformation structures caused by freeze/thaw cycles and those resulting from seismic activity, we studied three well–exposed alluvial deposits in a section at Dogai Coring, northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Deformation is present in the form of plastic structures(diapirs, folds and clastic dykes), brittle structures(micro–faults) and cryogenic wedges. These soft–sediment deformation features(except the micro–faults) are mainly characterized by meter–scale, non–interlayered, low–speed and low–pressure displacements within soft sediments, most commonly in the form of plastic deformation. Taking into account the geographic setting, lithology and deformation features, we interpret these soft–sediment deformation features as the products of freeze/thaw cycles, rather than of earthquake–induced shock waves, thus reflecting regional temperature changes and fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions in the uppermost sediments. The micro–faults(close to linear hot springs) are ascribed to regional fault activity; however, we were unable to identify the nature of the micro–faults, perhaps due to disturbance by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles. This study may serve as a guide to recognizing the differences between deformation structures attributed to freeze/thaw cycles and seismic processes.     

Micro-computed tomography imaging and probabilistic modelling of rock fracture by freeze–thaw

A major problem in studies of rock fracture by frost is the paucity of direct observations in space and time of the initiation and growth of microcracks and their transition to macrocracks. Such observations are essential to understand the location, timing and controls of rock fracture by freeze–thaw. The aim of the present work is to image and elucidate the early stages of rock fracture by applying imaging and statistical methods to a frost-weathering experiment using intact specimens of a limestone (chalk) and sandstone. First, micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) is used to visualize rock fracture in three dimensions over the course of 20 freeze–thaw cycles and to estimate transverse strain using a pixel-based approach. Second, probabilistic correlation functions are applied to quantify the progressive expansion of the fracture phase and associated damage to rock specimens. The method of μ-CT is demonstrated for visualizing the growth and coalescence of microcracks and their transition to macrocracks. Fracture proceeded faster and to a greater extent in chalk relative to sandstone, and the macrocracks in chalk were mostly concentric and vertical. Both fracture development and positive transverse strain (dilation) accelerated after cycle 15, suggesting that a threshold has been exceeded, after which macrocracks were evident. Of three probabilistic correlation functions applied to the μ-CT results, the modified lineal-path function – which measures the continuous connectivity of the fracture phase in a specific direction – reveals that damage was more extensive in the chalk than the sandstone. It also allows a novel approach to define and quantify three zones of microcracking during freeze–thaw cycling of anisotropic rock: (1) the zone of inherent flaws; (2) the zone of active microcracking; and (3) the zone of weak influence during microcracking. The broader significance of this work is that it provides a new approach to investigate mechanistically how frost action damages rock. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.