花江喀斯特峡谷地区石漠化成因初探

花江喀斯特峡谷区地下水埋藏深,地表干旱,存在显著的人为加速土壤侵蚀过程,植被次生性明显,生境干热特征显著,是已石漠化和半石漠化的生态系统。其中地质构造、地貌演化、岩溶形态、可开发利用的水资源、植被群落可能是石漠化过程的主要自然成因,以土地利用为表现形式的强烈人类活动是石漠化的驱动力。基于此,提出了石漠化地区的土地利用方式和生态恢复过程的建议,旨在为石漠化的演化研究及生态重建提供参考。     

蒙古国查干苏布尔加大型铜-钼矿床地质特征及成因

查干苏布尔加斑岩铜钼矿床位于西伯利亚板块南缘近东西向和北东向深大断裂所夹持的南蒙古构造岩浆带内,容矿围岩二长花岗斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩主量元素高SiO2(64.69×10-2~73.42×10-2),高Al2O3(15.33×10-2~18.35×10-2),贫MgO(0.13×10-2~0.56×10-2),微量元素Sr二长花岗斑岩略低(144×10-6~175×10-6).花岗闪长斑岩表现为高Sr(样品>300×10-6,476×10-6~720×10-6),二者均低Y(Y<18×10-6,2.21×10-6~10.20×10-6),低Yb(Yb<1.9×10-6,0.30×10-6~1.48×10-6),高Sr/Y(Sr/Y>20,21.8~63.52),稀土元素特征为亏损重稀土,无明显负铕异常,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70154~0.70397,(143Nd/144Nd)i=0.512290~0.512600,εNd(t)为+2.4~+8.5,二长花岗斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩均具有埃达克质岩特征,但二长花岗斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩主、微量和稀土元素又存在一定差别,它们可能是岩浆不同演化阶段的产物.通过年龄测定,获得辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(370.0±5.9)Ma,二长花岗斑岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb加权平均年龄为(365.7±3.6)Ma,铜钼矿形成时代与二长花岗斑岩形成时代相近,均形成于晚泥盆世.铜钼矿床与二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩紧密共生,矿区范围内二长花岗斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩多被蚀变并矿化,表明二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩与铜钼矿化存在密切的时空关系,为铜钼成矿提供了主要成矿物质和流体来源.     

无循环钻进工艺在易坍塌、缩孔和卵砾石地层的应用

无循环钻进工艺是我国现在和将来桩孔施工领域的主要施工工艺之一,通过对无循环钻进工艺及器具的研究,解决了我国桩孔施工在无水地区和岩石层、卵砾石、淤泥、流沙层进行桩孔钻进的难题,大大减少了孔内事故,提高了无循环钻进工艺在复杂地层中钻进的效率。根据我国目前全套管施工设备少,而旋挖钻机保用量已超过3000多台的现状,通过新的钻具和工艺的结合,用旋挖钻进工艺与全套管跟管钻进、全套管护壁钻进等特殊工法和特殊钻具的配套施工,解决了全套管钻进的成本问题,推动了无循环钻进工艺、机具及全套管配套技术的研究。     

东北地区珍珠岩矿床成因分析

东北地区珍珠岩矿床分布于中生代陆相盆地中,含矿层位主要为中生代早期的中酸性火山岩,沿北北东向展布.矿体形态多为似层状.矿床类型属于大陆边缘岛弧型.矿床系酸性岩浆大量释放挥发组分,经温度、压力突降后岩浆固结形成.找矿方向主要为中生代酸性火山岩,北北东向分布的一系列断陷火山盆地为找矿主要靶区.珍珠岩与球泡流纹岩、气孔流纹岩、凝灰岩、球珠岩紧密共生,系良好的找矿标志.     

三峡库区万州区山湾堰塘沉积物特征及演化历史

万州特有的阶梯状地貌特征是万州地区河流地貌演化及水平地层特殊地质环境共同作用的结果,通过系统的野外地质调查、勘探和资料收集,结合2008年堰塘的湖中钻探,对该堰塘沉积物进行系统取样与分析,并进行了沉积物年龄与成分的测定.结果表明山湾陡崖的崩塌与阶地抬升及区域构造运动一致.绘制了山湾滑坡崩塌堆积物各期次沉积剖面,共分为10个崩塌旋回.结合沉积物测年,研究了山湾滑坡体沉积物沉积速率,得出了山湾危岩陡崖后退速率为0.31~0.37 m/ka.      

Formation of arcs and backarc basins inferred from the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia since the Late Cretaceous

Results of the geological and geophysical surveys in the Daito ridges and basin in the northern West Philippine Basin suggest that the Daito Ridge was an arc facing toward the south from the Late Cretaceous to the Early Tertiary. The Late Cretaceous and Tertiary history of Southeast Asia is evaluated based on these data in the Daito ridges and basins and reconstructed based on overall plate kinematics that have operated in this area. During the Late Cretaceous, the Daito Ridge and the East Philippine Islands were positioned along the boundary between the Indian and Pacific Plates. The western half of the Philippines setting on the Indian Plate approached from the south and collided with the East Philippine–Daito Arc either during the latest Paleocene or the earliest Eocene. It is inferred that the bulk of the Philippine archipelago rotated clockwise and Borneo spun counterclockwise during the Tertiary.From the reconstruction, the formation of backarc basins and their spreading direction are assessed. As a result, some primary causes and significant characteristics are suggested for the opening of backarc basins in Southeast Asia. First, opening of some backarc basins commenced with or was triggered by collisions. Second, backarc basins opened approximately parallel to oceanic plate motion. Third, the formation of some backarc basins was triggered by the approach of a hot spreading center. Fourth, the spreading mode or direction of backarc basins was greatly affected by the configuration of the surrounding continent and was also rearranged to spread approximately parallel to oceanic plate motion.The formation of backarc basins and their spreading direction can be reasonably explained by plate kinematics. However, the generative force responsible for their formation is possibly within the subduction system, particularly to form horizontal tensional force in backarc side.     

Tectonostratigraphic history of the Neogene Maimará basin,Northwest Argentina

This paper presents the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Maimará Basin and explores the relationship between the clastic sediments and pyroclastic deposits in the basin and the evolution of the adjacent orogeny and magmatic arc. The sedimentary facies in this part of the basin include, in ascending order, an ephemeral fluvial system, a deep braided fluvial system and a medial to distal ephemeral fluvial system. We interpret that Maimará Formation accumulated in a basin that has developed two stages of accumulation. Stage 1 extended from 7 to 6.4 Ma and included accelerated tectonic uplift in the source areas, and it corresponds to the ephemeral fluvial system deposits. Stage 2, which extended from 6.4 to 4.8 Ma, corresponds to a tectonically quiescent period and included the development of the deep braided fluvial system deposits. The contact between the Maimará and Tilcara formations is always characterized by a regional unconformity and, in the study area, also shows pronounced erosion.Rare earth element and other chemical characteristics of the tuff intervals in the Maimará Formation fall into two distinct groups suggesting the tuffs were erupted from two distinct late Miocene source regions. The first and most abundant group has characteristics that best match tuffs erupted from the Guacha, Pacana and Pastos Grandes calderas, which are located 200 and 230 km west of the study area at 22º-23º30′S latitude. The members the second group are chemically most similar to the Merihuaca Ignimbrite from the Cerro Galán caldera 290 km south-southwest of the studied section. The distinctive geochemical characteristics are excellent tools to reconstruct the stratigraphic evolution of the Neogene Maimará basin from 6.4 to 4.8 Ma.     

Bottom Simulating Reflector and Gas Seepage in Okinawa Trough： Evidence of Gas Hydrate in an Active Back-Arc Basin

To look for gas hydrate, 22 multi-channel and 3 single-channel seismic lines on the East China Sea (ECS) shelf slope and at the bottom of the Okinawa Trough were examined. It was found that there was indeed bottom simulating reflector (BSR) occurrence, but it is very rare. Besides several BSRs, a gas seepage was also found. As shown by the data, both the BSR and gas seepage are all related with local geological structures, such as mud diapir, anticline, and fault-controlled graben-like structure. However, similar structural "anomalies" are quite common in the tectonically very active Okinawa Trough region, but very few of them have developed BSR or gas seepage. The article points out that the main reason is probably the low concentration of organic carbon of the sediment in this area. It was speculated that the rare occurrence of gas hydrates in this region is governed by structure-controlled fluid flow. Numerous faults and fractures form a network of high-permeability channels in the sediment and highly fractured igneous basement to allow fluid circulation and ventilation. Fluid flow in this tectonic environment is driven primarily by thermal buoyancy and takes place on a wide range of spatial scales. The fluid flow may play two roles to facilitate hydrate formation:to help gather enough methane into a small area and to modulate the thermal regime.     

Dust and gas in W49A

We have mapped the high-mass star-forming region W49A at 450, 800, and 1100 microns with the JCMT. Spectral index measurements suggest an increase in temperature towards the emission peaks, consistent with previous data. We derive the gas masses associated with the central and extended emission from each of the three components, and find a deficit of gas around W49SW. The mass found for the core of W49N is in good agreement with the value previously derived from C³⁴S (5-4) maps (Serabynet al., 1993), and similar morphologies are found in the line and continuum maps.     

3. Solar System Formation and Early Evolution: the First 100 Million Years

The solar system, as we know it today, is about 4.5 billion years old. It is widely believed that it was essentially completed 100 million years after the formation of the Sun, which itself took less than 1 million years, although the exact chronology remains highly uncertain. For instance: which, of the giant planets or the terrestrial planets, formed first, and how? How did they acquire their mass? What was the early evolution of the “primitive solar nebula” (solar nebula for short)? What is its relation with the circumstellar disks that are ubiquitous around young low-mass stars today? Is it possible to define a “time zero” (t ₀), the epoch of the formation of the solar system? Is the solar system exceptional or common? This astronomical chapter focuses on the early stages, which determine in large part the subsequent evolution of the proto-solar system. This evolution is logarithmic, being very fast initially, then gradually slowing down. The chapter is thus divided in three parts: (1) The first million years: the stellar era. The dominant phase is the formation of the Sun in a stellar cluster, via accretion of material from a circumstellar disk, itself fed by a progressively vanishing circumstellar envelope. (2) The first 10 million years: the disk era. The dominant phase is the evolution and progressive disappearance of circumstellar disks around evolved young stars; planets will start to form at this stage. Important constraints on the solar nebula and on planet formation are drawn from the most primitive objects in the solar system, i.e., meteorites. (3) The first 100 million years: the “telluric” era. This phase is dominated by terrestrial (rocky) planet formation and differentiation, and the appearance of oceans and atmospheres.