丘陵区典型小流域地下水化学特征与补给来源分析

川中紫色土丘陵区频发的季节性干旱严重制约区域农村经济和社会可持续发展。地下水是丘陵区农村居民饮用和灌溉的主要水源,但迄今该区域地下水补给循环过程的相关研究报道极少。本研究选取盐亭大兴小流域(480 hm 2)为典型小流域进行综合水文观测与取样,比较了小流域内浅层地下水(2口泉水、14口井水)在不同覆被条件下雨季和旱季的水化学特征(包括D、 18 O)及水岩作用过程,并通过氯离子平衡法和二元混合模型法对比分析区域降水补给地下水规律。结果表明:(1)研究区内浅层地下水水化学类型为HCO 3 ·SO 4-Ca,主要控制因素为岩石风化水解;(2)由地下水同位素峰值响应特征可知该区域浅层地下水对雨季降水补给响应时间约为50~ 85 d;雨季浅层地下水交换作用比旱季强烈;(3)氯离子平衡法受人为干扰较大,计算结果可能偏小,二元混合模型法未包含更多水源,计算结果可能偏大;(4)优化估算结果表明浅层地下水全年接受降水补给率在12%~38%间变化,雨季单次降水补给地下水比例在4.3%~58.0%间变化。本研究通过揭示丘陵区浅层地下水水化学性质变化规律,初步估算了浅层地下水补给来源及比例,可为区域地下水资源评估提供科学基础。     

西沙群岛基底火山碎屑岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学特征及其地质意义

本文利用电子探针对南海西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁底部火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石矿物的化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,该单斜辉石属于富钙透辉石,部分有正环带结构,从核部到边部Ca、Fe、Ti的含量逐渐增加,是岩浆正常结晶顺序的反映,说明该区域的岩浆演化是向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展的。主量元素数据显示,单斜辉石具有低Si高Al的特征(SiO₂=41.40%～48.44%,Al₂O₃=5.54%～10.20%),且AlⅣ含量较高,说明母岩浆为不饱和碱性岩浆系列;此外,单斜辉石Ca含量偏高,Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe)值在46.1%～51.4%之间,推测是母岩浆的高Ca含量导致了大量高钙辉石的产出。结合西沙海域的地震和构造资料,推测琛航岛珊瑚礁的基底是玄武质火山碎屑岩组成的平顶状海山,系岩浆穿过断裂发育的岩石圈层在西沙群岛的海底喷发,随后火山碎屑物质经过堆积、固结作用而形成;该火山碎屑岩的原岩为板内碱性玄武岩。     

再探温跃层有孔虫B/Ca与温度和[CO32-]的依赖性及其在24 ka以来热带西太平洋次表层碳酸盐系统重建中的应用

The B/Ca ratio of planktonic foraminifer shells has been used as a proxy for reconstructing past ocean carbonate chemistry. However, recent studies have revealed significant uncertainties associated with this proxy, such as whether seawater temperature or [ CO_3~(2-)] is the dominant control on the partition coefficient(K_D) of planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca. To address these uncertainties and thus improve our understanding of the planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca proxy, we analysed B/Ca ratios in the tests of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei(300–355 μm) and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(355–400 μm) in surface sediment samples from the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea. The relationship between these B/Ca ratios and bottom water calcite saturation states(Δ[ CO_3~(2-)]) is weak, thus suggesting only a small dissolution effect on the B/Ca of the two species. The correlation coefficients(R~2) between the B/Ca ratios of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and environmental parameters(e.g., temperature, salinity, phosphate, DIC and ALK) in the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea are not high enough to justify using B/Ca ratios as a palaeoenvironmental proxy in the study areas. The significant correlation between K_D values of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and carbonate system parameters(e.g.,[ CO_3~(2-)], DIC, ALK, pH and [ HCO_3~-]) in the study area reflect chemical links between the K_D denominator and these variables. Based on our surface sediment calibration, an empirical relationship between the K_D of N.dutertrei and temperature is proposed in the tropical western Pacific. We also generated a record of B/Ca ratios in N. dutertrei(300–355 μm) from Core MD06-3052 in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka to evaluate the application of the revised B/Ca proxy method. Based on the reconstructed empirical relationship for B/Ca and subsurface seawater ALK, we estimated subsurface seawater carbonate system parameters in the tropical western Pacific since 24 ka. In general, the estimated subsurface seawater pH and [ CO_3~(2-)] show an increase with time, and the record of subsurface seawater pCO_2 shows a decrease with time, in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka. The consistent trends in subsurface seawater pCO_2 and opal flux during deglaciation may imply that the reported increase in subsurface water pCO_2 in the study area was promoted by enhanced upwelling in the Southern Ocean.     

High resolution micromill sampling for analysis of fish otoliths by ICP-MS: effects of sampling and specimen preparation on trace element fingerprints

Otoliths are calcified structures in the head of fish that record environmental information about fish's life history. Gathering the elemental information from the core of an otolith corresponding to the juvenile period of fish's life is critical to discriminate the adult fish to their natal habitats reliably. A high resolution micromill has been used to isolate the otolith core from a whole otolith for elemental analysis. The effects of micromilling procedures (e.g., sectioning, embedding and drilling) on contamination to otolith trace element levels were examined using paired blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) otoliths. Otoliths were decontaminated by dilute hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid throughout to remove surface contamination. A preconcentration procedure was used to determine the trace elements from the small core material by ICP-MS. It was found that micromilling procedures introduce significant contamination to otoliths, especially for Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sectioning procedure caused significant contamination for Co and Cu, while the embedding procedure resulted in contamination for nearly all trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn). The combined sectioning, embedding and drilling procedure also resulted in contamination for most trace elements. Despite the contamination across all procedural steps, the decontamination procedure effectively removed the surface contamination with the exception of Pb and Zn. Bias (e.g., residual contamination) on Pb was small in comparison to overall concentration of Pb expected to occur in fish otoliths, therefore, its effect may be minor in discriminating individuals. Bias on Zn was larger that could limit its application in discriminating individuals.     

Fluxes and behavior of radium isotopes, barium, and uranium in seven Southeastern US rivers and estuaries

This paper demonstrates the importance of advective transport of water through permeable estuarine and salt marsh sediments. This transport delivers significant quantities of radium and barium to the coastal ocean; and, in some cases may remove significant quantities of uranium. These conclusions are based on repeated analyses of seven river–estuarine systems from North Carolina to Florida. Fluxes of radium and barium from these river systems are shown to be inadequate to balance the dissolved inventories of these elements in the South Atlantic Bight. The strong interactions that occur between surface and subsurface waters as these rivers encounter coastal marshes lead us to consider these river mouths as marsh-dominated in terms of their chemical fluxes to the ocean. Such interactions between the river and coastal marsh must be considered when estimating fluxes of material between the land and ocean.     

Biometric,microstructural, and high-resolution trace element studies in Crassostrea gigas of Cantabria (Bay of Biscay,Spain): Anthropogenic and seasonal influences

Living Crassostrea gigas oysters of different ages and sizes were collected in three estuaries of Cantabria (Bay of Biscay, Spain): San Vicente de la Barquera Estuary, Santander Bay, and Marismas de Santoña Estuary. The main objective was to determine different shell responses to variable environmental parameters. A shell morphological study, based on three biometric indices, indicates that oysters of Santander Bay have two significant shell anomalies: abnormal thickening of the right valve and loss of vital cavity volume. These shell abnormalities are related with the presence in these waters of the chemical tributyltin. In the other two estuaries, the oysters show no detectable anomalies. Four shell microstructures have been distinguished: Regular Simple Prismatic, Regular Foliated, cone-Complex Cross Foliated, and Chalk. In Santander Bay oysters, the Chalk forms a “root-type” framework, whereas in the other two estuaries it forms a more compact microstructure. It is proposed that exposure to tributyltin has produced this modification. High-spatial-resolution geochemical transects have been carried out on the Regular Foliated microstructure in the umbo region in order to evaluate the distribution of Mg, Sr, and Na. The elements analysed exhibit clear cyclic variations in San Vicente de la Barquera Estuary and Marismas de Santoña Estuary oysters, related with seasonal periods, and characterised by broad maxima during months in which the waters are warmer and have higher salinity. These patterns are buffered in Santander Bay oysters. Our results demonstrate that biometric, microstructural, and high-resolution trace element studies in oyster shells can provide information about contaminants and seasonal variations in the estuarine environment.     

重盐碱地养殖池塘水化学特性的研究

2007年6月～10月对位于黄河下游重盐碱地凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘的水化学特性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)该地区水体的水型主要表现为ClNaⅢ,总含盐量较高,平均(2143.77±859.18)mg/L,在阴离子中,氯离子含量最高,平均(944.07±477.57)mg/L.(2)pH值较高,各池塘平均值为8.79～9.15,在整个养殖周期中水体pH＞8.5的比例占87.9%,pH＞9的比例占47.0%.(3)总硬度较高,平均为(11.96±3.69)mmol/L,极值范围为7.05～22.4mmol/L,主要表现为镁硬度.(4)水体中营养元素氮的含量较高,活性磷的含量相对较低,而总磷含量较丰富,能够满足浮游植物生长的需求.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态研究

用连续提取法对选自西北冰洋的32个表层沉积物进行分析,测定了Cr、Cu、Pb在全样中及其在P1-2、P3、P4、P5中的含量.结果表明随着离岸距离增加,水深加深,Cr、Cu、Pb含量呈增高的趋势.研究区陆架沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb含量分别为60.66、14.77、16.65μg/g;深海沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb的含量分别为80.40、41.70、25.62μg/g.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cr、Cu、Pb主要赋存在残渣态,残渣态中三元素的含量平均值分别为64.97、19.67、17.56μg/g,占元素总量的比例分别为93.58%、75.02%和83.76%.三元素在各赋存形态中的含量分布是:Cu为残渣态>有机质和硫化物态>铁锰氧化态>可交换及碳酸盐态;Pb和Cr则为残渣态>铁锰氧化物态>有机质硫化物态>可交换态及碳酸盐态.研究区重金属元素在不同赋存形态中的含量分布与北太平洋深海沉积物中类似.     

东山湾表层沉积物5种重金属元素含量分布及其与主要环境因子的关系

根据2011年8月福建东山湾12个站位表层沉积物中5种重金属含量调查,探讨了它们的分布趋势、相互关系、影响因素,并运用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染进行风险评价.结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu含量变化范围在5.53～22.40 mg/kg之间,平均值为15.10 mg/kg;Pb含量变化范围在28.9～42.6 mg/kg之间,平均值为35.0 mg/kg;Zn含量变化范围在34.8～133.9 mg/kg之间,平均值为95.9 mg/kg;Cd含量变化范围在0.031～0.078 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.059 mg/kg;Cr含量变化范围在19.2～91.8 mg/kg之间,平均值为62.5 mg/kg.重金属含量的分布呈现湾顶（3、11号站）高、湾外（7号站）低的格局;沉积物中有机质对重金属含量的分布起着重要作用;重金属Cu、Zn和Cr的含量随着沉积物粗颗粒组分（63～2 000μm）含量的增大而降低,成负相关关系（p〈0.05）;Cr的含量随着粘土组分（〈1μm）含量的增大而增大,成正相关关系（p〈0.05）.除了湾顶3号站Cr（含量为91.8 mg/kg）以外,其他重金属元素含量均符合《海洋沉积物质量》一类标准;各元素潜在生态危害系数Ei r大小顺序为Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Cr〉Zn,所有站位重金属潜在生态危害指数RI均远小于90,属低度生态风险,表明东山湾沉积环境基本良好.     

基于DINEOF方法重构台湾海峡叶绿素a遥感缺失数据的初步研究

卫星遥感观测是研究海洋环境变化的一种重要方法,但由于观测周期和天气影响等原因,观测数据经常存在一定的缺失,这使得遥感数据在海洋环境连续变化的应用研究中受到一定的限制.为解决此问题,本文采用了经验正交函数分解插值方法(DINEOF)重建缺失的遥感观测数据.首先,基于Sea Wi FS(1998年1月至2010年12月)、MODIS-Aqua(2002年7月至2014年12月)和MODIS-Terra(2000年2月至2014年12月)三级叶绿素a月平均数据产品,按像素点平均的方法组合成原始资料集;其次,利用DINEOF方法重构该资料集的缺失部分,从而得到完整的1998~2014年台湾海峡及邻近海域叶绿素a浓度的月平均数据集;再通过分析重构影像与原始资料的时空误差和验证重构影像的时空变化特征等方法,评价了所用算法和重构数据集的合理性.结果表明:基于遥感组合数据,采用DINEOF方法重构的叶绿素a遥感影像,能够有效地反映研究海域叶绿素a浓度的时空变化规律.研究还表明,该方法操作简便,无需先验信息,且重构精度高,能有效重构大面积缺失的影像数据资料,为探索海洋环境和生态的长期变化规律提供了较好的基础.